Introduction Enzymes are catalytic proteins. The purpose of a catalyst is to speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the free energy of activation or activation energy. Activation energy is known as the amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier‚ so that the downhill part of the reaction can begin (Campbell 151). In an enzyme catalyzed reaction‚ the enzyme binds to its substrate‚ which is the reactant an enzyme acts on. In the reactions‚ the enzymes are very specific
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grouped into primary events that include the metabolism of residual lactose and of lactate and citrate. There are different types of cheeses because there are many enzymes that are used to make the cheese‚ and also there are endless forms of molds that help age cheese giving each cheese its distinctive taste‚ texture and appearance. Enzymes are used in many food production processes to speed up the chemical reactions‚ which reduces water usage and energy consumption. The original objective of cheese
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AP Bio Essay #1 To address this problem created by the lab tech‚ I would set up an experiment like the one we did in AP biology to identify the molarity of the unknown sucrose solutions. First I would pour an equal volume of each solution into beakers labeled A‚ B‚ C‚ and D. I would also have a beaker of the same amount of distilled water to serve as a control for the experiment. Then I would obtain several baby carrots‚ 4 per beaker. I would mass the groups of 4 potatoes before placing them
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Part I - Introduction Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to regulate metabolism by selectively speeding up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed during the process. During the catalytic action‚ the enzyme binds to the substrate – the reactant enzyme acts on – and forms an enzyme-substrate complex to convert the substrate into the product. Each type of enzyme combines with its specific substrate‚ which is recognized by the shape. In the enzymatic reaction‚ the initial rate
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AP BIOLOGY ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving a specific example to illustrate the theory. Include in your discussion the effects of each of the following: a. b. c. d. 2. Substrate concentration pH shifts Temperature shifts Competitive inhibition Describe in detail the process of meiosis as it occurs in an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 4 (2n = 4). Include labeled diagrams in your discussion. Indicate when and how each of the
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Christian AP Bio FRQ #2 January 22nd‚ 2013 A.) Graph #1 A.) Calculation The rate of reaction from 0-30 minutes is 0.34667; r=10.4μM /30 minutes B.) Explanation The reaction was observed after 30 minutes because the reaction rate eventually slows down and the enzyme reaches its maximum potential. Since the enzyme is using the substrate so quickly‚ the substrates concentration depletes. That means the rate will slow down. Our graph shows that after about 40 minutes‚ the enzyme is less active
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BIOLOGY IA A Factor That Will Affect Enzyme Activity The Question Effects on Enzyme activity: investigating the effects of mixing Hydrogen Peroxide with Catalase extracted from potatoes at different temperatures‚ and then comparing the results with the same method‚ except to replace the Potato juice with MnO2 Hypothesis Since enzymes are a type of protein‚ they will be destroyed at high temperatures and activity rates will go down at low temperatures. Also‚ if done at low temperature
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AP Bio DNA‚ RNA‚ Protein synthesis Study Guide DNA Structure Nucleotide structure - sugar‚ phosphate group‚ base backbone structure - alternating sugar and phosphate group directionality (5’-3’) - DNA is anti parallel. The side that sticks out s the 5’ side bases - adenine = thymine & guanine=cytosine purines vs Pyrimidines - purines have two rings while pyrimidines have one ring Bonding - hydrogen bonds Base Pairing rules - look at bases ^^ DNA Replication Semi-conservative replication
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Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological concepts that you may have learned in an earlier course and give you an overview of what you will study this year. As you read each chapter‚ take note of the headings for each section‚ as these will clue you in to the big idea you should grasp from reading that section. One good strategy is actually to read through the review at the end of the chapter before diving into the material. Type the
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Camren Allen Concept Check 1.1: 1.) A biosphere has an ecosystem that consists of all living things in an area. An ecosystem consists of communities which hold organisms that live in a specific area. A community consists of populations of all the individual organisms in a specific area. A population consists of living things called organisms. Organisms break down into organs and organ systems which are more complex parts of organisms. Organs and Organ Systems are created by tissues which is
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