aqueous solution of formaldehyde is called formalin. The commercially available formalin has 10 to 12% methanol with a few impurities like aluminum and copper. Almost 21 million tonnes of formaldehyde is produced annually all around the world. Synthesis of Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is produced by catalytic oxidation of methanol. A mixture of molybdenum and iron or silver is used as a catalyst in such a reaction. But a more commonly used process is FORMAX. In this process‚ methanol and oxygen
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October 2‚ 2012 Biochemistry I Circular Dichroism and Secondary Structure of Proteins Proteins are vital to an organism life; they are involved in nearly all cellular functions. It is an essential part of enzymes‚ the cellular membrane‚ active transport‚ protein synthesis and wound healing. Because one relies so heavily upon proteins and its function the structure of proteins is also very important. “The way a protein will fold over its self-determines how it interacts with other chemicals in its
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A2 BIOLOGY ESSAYS – The Synoptic Essay The essay titles will be very general and students are expected to draw on relevant information from the complete specification to illustrate their understanding of general principles. They may wish to include detailed knowledge of topics from any of the AS and A2 units. They may also gain credit for including material which stems from wider reading and reflects greater depth of knowledge. The choice of material to include lies entirely with the student
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Explanatory Synthesis A countless number of children in the United States were taught to believe that you could accomplish anything if you worked hard. This American dream has now become an American nightmare. According to the information in the Hart Research Associations titled “Raising the Bar‚” “ How the Rich are getting Richer and Poor are getting Poorer‚” and the Workforce Commission powerpoint‚ Americans are faced with many obstacles to learn how to survive in the economy. The main discussion
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Biochemistry: Biological Molecules Pg. 2 – 7 Carbohydrates Pg. 8 – 12 Proteins Pg. 13 – Lipids Carbohydrates. L.O. 1.1 and 1.2 Carbohydrates are sugars and they are the primary source of energy for our vital functions such as breathing and sleeping. There are two types of carbohydrates‚ simple and complicated. Monosaccharides‚ disaccharides and polysaccharides. L. O. 1.2 Carbohydrates are split into different classifications depending on how many molecules they have. Monosaccharide: one sugar
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Relevance of Ricin and Ribosomes Most foods from the four food groups contain protein. Protein is manufactured by the ribosome. In contrast to ribosomes‚ ricin breaks up proteins and blocks protein synthesis. In that perspective‚ ribosomes can be seen helpful and ricin as useless and lethal to a somatic cell. Luckily‚ since ricin can stop protein synthesis‚ ricin is being experimented to block diseases’ protein synthesis. After blocking the disease cells‚ ricin needs to be controlled from harming
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Gringard Synthesis detailed procedure and scheme of the apparatus any changes to the original procedure‚ actual masses‚ and obs yield calculations and mp Discussion outline Grignard rxn (what is it used for‚ why important‚ the mechanism) Reaction set up (important details) How can the rxn be activated Second step: rxn of the Grignard reagent with acetophenone‚ quenching with ammonium chloride Isolation of the product‚ identification Possible or actual sources of error Part one of our experiment
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developmental biology and biotechnology. What is the author’s hypothesis? Was it supported or refuted by their research? [2 marks] The author’s hypothesis was that‚ “ Carotenoids protect photosynthetic organisms against potentially harmful photooxidative processes and are essential structure component of the photosynthetic antenna and reaction center complexes”. The authors hypothesis was not supported because of lack of research on his point‚ he did point out the proteins and complex compounds
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Secondary excitotoxicity is thought to be more relevant to chronic neurodegenerative disorders than the classical acute form. In this pathway increased glutamate levels are not required as disturbances with the neuronal resting membrane potential cause glutamate receptors to be over-activated by physiological levels of glutamate. In a neuron which is affected by another pathological process and shows reduced ATP production‚ Na+ dysfunction or impaired glucose metabolism and as a result has an abnormal
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integration through hormones. In this chapter‚ you will learn about the neural system of human‚ mechanisms of neural coordination like transmission of nerve impulse‚ impulse conduction across a synapse and the physiology of reflex action. 316 BIOLOGY 21.1 NEURAL SYSTEM The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called neurons which can detect‚ receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli. The neural organisation is very simple in lower invertebrates. For
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