Three stages of cell signaling Receptor activation – ligand‚ types of cell surface receptors‚ intracellular receptors Protein kinases‚ phosphorylation Receptor tyrosine kinases‚ G-protein coupled receptors‚ cAMP. Hormonal signaling‚ epinephrine‚ apoptosis Be able to read cell signaling pathways and diagnose based on blood test results (dog broken case study) Multicellularity: definition‚ advantages‚ larger proteomes‚ extra protein functions ECM: components‚ function ECM proteins: types‚ functions
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation is an irregularity in the atria’s electrical impulses‚ causing a disorderly and rapid rhythm. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (also termed intermittent atrial fibrillation) is occurrences of AF that spontaneously halt within 7 days of starting. Episodes of AF can last from a few seconds up to a few days in Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the dominant pacemaker of the heart. Located
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The Cell Cycle Brittany Jameson Vista College Abstract The cell cycle is made up of five steps. These steps are interphase‚ mitosis‚ cytoplasmic division‚ cell differentiation‚ and cell death. During mitosis there is a series of four stages. The Cell Cycle To start the cell cycle the cells first go through a step called interphase. During this step the cell grows and synthesizes new molecules and organelles. In the S phase the DNA of the cell is replicated in preparation for cell division
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a melanocyte varies. The total amount of melanin is what determines the range of hair‚ eye and skin colors. Ultraviolet solar radiation causes malignant changes in the skin by having direct mutagenic effects on DNA‚ damaging DNA and suppressing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Melanocytes
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Most people with peptic ulcers have these bacteria living in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Helicobacter pylori release a toxin that promotes mucosal inflammation and ulceration. Helicobacter pylori also cause apoptosis and causes DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells. When apoptosis occurs and DNA damage occurs‚ inflammation occurs when substances enter the stomach that is inflamed and causes irritation of the stomach lining. Too much irritation of the lining then leads to ulcers developing.
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hydrogen to the bone. This hydrogen causes the bone to dissolve in this area. The ruffled boarded created by these osteocytes also releases enzymes that break down bone matrix. When the osteoclasts have broken down as much bone as intended the undergo apoptosis‚ which is simply the cell death of the osteoclast. The rest of the bone break down is done by mononuclear cells. When the osteoclasts break down too much bone at one time this can lead to a deficiency called
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system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells)‚ macrophages‚ and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: First‚ direct viral killing of infected cells; second‚ increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells; and third‚ killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level‚ cell-mediated immunity is lost‚ and the body becomes progressively
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Sugar doesn’t make cancer grow faster. All cells‚ including cancer cells‚ depend on blood sugar (glucose) for energy. But giving more sugar to cancer cells doesn’t speed their growth. Likewise‚ depriving cancer cells of sugar doesn’t slow their growth. This misconception may be based in part on a misunderstanding of positron emission tomography (PET) scans‚ which use a small amount of radioactive tracer — typically a form of glucose. All tissues in your body absorb some of this tracer‚ but tissues
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flow cytometry technology consist of the products (instruments‚ replaceable components‚ Accessories‚ reagents‚ consumables‚ software and services)‚ technology (cell based flow cytometer and bead based flow cytometer)‚ applications ( Clinical - apoptosis‚ cell cycle analysis ‚ cell sorting‚ cell viability; Research - organ transplantation‚ cancer‚ immunodeficiency disease‚ hematology hematological malignancies) and end users (hospitals‚ commercial organizations‚ medical schools). Browse Full
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Determination of Specific Enzyme Kinetics Introduction Mitochondria is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that play a role in biochemical processes such as respiration and energy production. Mitochondria even play an important role in apoptosis‚ or programmed cell death. This is achieved by disruption of electron transport‚ oxidative phosphorylation‚ and ATP production or even the release of proteins that trigger activation of caspase family proteases and alteration of cellular reduction-oxidation
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