Chapter 1: Cell Pathology 1-1 Which of the following accounts for differences in cells in a human body? Differences in chromatin Differences in chromosomes Differential content of DNA Differential expression of genes 1-2 Which of the following structures is not normally found in the cytoplasm of a resting cell? DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) 1-3 Which of the following cytoplasmic organelles are not found in most all nucleated cells? Endoplasmic
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suppression‚ anergy‚ etc.). Central tolerance is the process which occurs in the primary lymphoid organs of the thymus for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells‚ where B and T cells which recognize and react to self-antigens are destroyed‚ through apoptosis (McCance & Huether‚ 2014). The process were a B or T cell reacts to self-antigen is called autoreactivity. Autoreactivity is a result of the VJ and VDJ genes rearranging in a manner that results in a T-cell receptor (TCR) or a B-cell receptor (BCR)
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Testicular torsion (TT) is a serious medical emergency that is mostly encountered in newborn and adolescent males but it can occur in any age and needs urgent surgical intervention 1. TT is defined as a rotation of the longitudinal axis of the spermatic cord resulting in obstruction of testicular blood flow 2. Torsion/Detorsion is a typical condition of ischemia reperfusion in which torsion comprises the ischemic period whereas detorsion occupies the reperfusion period which is the main cause of
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Prostate cancer is the malignant growth of prostate gland cells and it is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages‚ and it is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over the age of seventy-five(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Although prostate cancer is such a prominent issue today‚ there are dietary approaches that can be taken in order to reduce the risk of obtaining this disease‚ as well as treating it. Several studies have found that diets low in fat‚ high in vegetables
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The Role of inflammation in the advancement of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease. Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the collective term used for respiratory disease‚ including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The disease develops slowly and is often not diagnosed until it is advanced and irreparable damage is evident (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease‚ 2011). The disease is characterised by airflow obstruction and lung parenchyma. Parenchyma
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why can’t we live forever? As we grow old‚ our own cells begin to betray us. By unraveling the mysteries of aging‚ scientists may be able to make our lives longer and healthier IF YOU WERE GIVEN a free hand to plan how your life will end--your last weeks‚ days‚ hours and minutes--what would you choose? Would you‚ for example‚ want to remain in great shape right up until the last minute and then go quickly? Many people say they would choose that option‚ but I see an important catch. If you are
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Nutritional and environmental impact on carcinogenesis Nutritional and environmental impact on carcinogenesis Tumor: A mass of cells which growth is atypical when referenced to the normal surrounding tissue structure. Neoplasm: Literally means “new growth” and is a term commonly used the same way that the term tumor is used. An abnormal mass of tissue‚ the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after
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with virus-infected cells that are presenting viral peptides through their MHC/HLA class I molecules. Killing of infected cells occurs via two mechanisms‚ both designed to cause apoptosis: 1. Perforin-mediated cell death: mature cytotoxic T cells have cytoplasmic granules containing Perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis. 2. Fas-mediated
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interaction between specific and non-specific defence systems). White blood cells carry out ‘immune surveillance’. There are two forms of lymphocytes – T and B. T-lymphocytes are also known as natural killer cells and trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in abnormal cells. Apoptosis is triggered by cell death signals which activate inactive forms of DNAases and proteinases (caspases) which destroy the cell. Cell death signals may be extrinsic (triggered by
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Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone in humans that is mainly synthesised in the pineal gland‚ but can also be formed in other parts of the body‚ such as the eyes‚ the GIT‚ bone marrow‚ lymphocytes‚ and skin (Cutando et al.‚ 2012). It is not a ‘traditional’ hormone in the sense that it does not have specific organs that it is synthesised in or that it targets (Cutando et al. 2012). One of the roles of melatonin is its involvement in various regulatory activities‚ such as the light/dark cycle
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