Mechanisms of Acetaminophen-lnduced Liver Necrosis By Jack A. Hinson‚ Dean W. Roberts‚ and Laura P. James Acetaminophen (paracetamol‚ N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP) is widely used as analgesic and antipyretic drug. At therapeutic doses‚ acetaminophen is safe to be used. Acetaminophen other than aspirin and ibuprofen has only weak anti-inflammatory properties. At higher doses‚ acetaminophen produces a centrilobular hepatic necrosis that can be fatal. Acetaminophen-lnduced Hepatotoxicity Observation/
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Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal which is distributed in the environment. Humans may get exposed to lead due to food‚ water contamination and air pollution caused by industrial emission [4]. As a neurotoxic agent‚ lead has been known to cause damage in the nervous system. The developing central nervous system (CNS) is far more vulnerable to lead’s toxic effects than the mature brain [40]. Learning and memory impairments in experimental animals exposed to lead during embryonic and gestational stages have
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factors send molecular signals that tell cells to divide. 4. Cells divide‚ differentiate‚ or die. What is differentiation? Differentiation is when a cell stops dividing to perform a special function or to change shape. 5. What is apoptosis? Explain its purpose. Apoptosis is a process that eliminates unnecessary cells during development and destroys damage or unhealthy cell in a mature organism. 6. Organisms maintain the right number of cells by regulating the cell cycle. What are “cell cycle regulators”
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HeLa Cells are Important to Science Henrietta Lacks‚ a poor black woman in the 1950’s‚ unknowingly had samples taken from her cervical cancer specimen and changed science from that point on. Due to the continuous self-reproduction of the cells‚ HeLa cells are the most important cell line ever discovered by scientists to date! Popsci.com gave five reasons of why HeLa cells are so important to society. Popsci.com explained‚ “1. Before HeLa cells‚ scientists spent more time trying to keep cells alive
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activation of plasmin. Macrophages can also endocytose IgG-bound latent TGF-beta complexes that are secreted by plasma cells and then release active TGF-beta into the extracellular fluid.[2] Contents 1 The Structure of TGF-β 2 Function 2.1 Apoptosis 2.1.1 SMAD pathway 2.1.2 DAXX pathway 2.2
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A lot of people have been getting into the weight-loss bandwagon. Nowadays there are numerous supplements and drinks that promise significant weight loss after a certain amount of time following regular consumption. One famous chemical currently advertised is L-carnitine. The substance is water soluble which oxidizes and transports long chain fatty acids into the mitochondrion (Dokmeci et al.‚ 2005; Gulcin‚ 2006)‚ transeterifies and acetyl-CoA‚ oxidizes branched chain
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NEOPLASIA Presented by Dr Abudu Emmanuel Kunle (MBBS‚ M.Sc‚ FMCPath) Senior Lecturer and Consultant Histopathologist University of Uyo Teaching Hospital‚Uyo‚ Akwa- Ibom State‚ Nigeria. Neoplasia means the process of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes‚ the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma‚ referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and
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It is hard to find any person that is not affected by a traumatic brain injury or stroke‚ whether they personally experienced the brain injury‚ or they know someone who was affected by a brain injury. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are any injuries to the brain caused by a range of bumps‚ jolts‚ and even penetrations‚ which have a negative impact on normal function in the brain. Concussions may be considered mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) because the people experiencing concussions have shorter
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and divides to produce daughter cells with the exact genetic information. The cell cycle is controlled by a series of signals or steps. This process also includes mechanisms to ensure errors are corrected‚ and if not‚ the cell commit suicide (apoptosis). In cancer cell this process become different as a result of genetic mutations‚ this process or malfunctions are a result of uncontrolled cells proliferation. The cell cycle has three different stages: Interphase‚ Mitosis and Cytokinesis. Interphase
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The adaptive part is comprised of the repair process and the maintenance of the cell. The aim of the adaptive part is to sustain the cell from the damages caused by the temperature shifts and enable it to continue to grow. Repair process is crucial‚ especially when the DNA was destructed by the adverse impact of the rapid change in temperature. For example‚ when the cell was exposed to 0oC‚ the gene encodes for PP5 and ATM were regulated. The function of the PP5 and ATM is the DNA damage control
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