strategies. Behavior modification strategies are based on the principals of operant conditioning and reinforcement theory‚ which take the view that learning is influenced by the environment. The renowned psychologist B. F. Skinner expressed that through operant conditioning‚ people’s behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack thereof. According to Wood‚ et al‚ a reinforcer is a stimulus that follows a particular behavior and increases the probability that the behavior will occur (2010)
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received his PhD in psychology at Harvard University. Skinners work was inspired by John Watson who believed “Psychology should be based on experimental observation. This theory was called behaviorism. Behaviorism seeks to explain human and animal behavior in measureable and observable responses to environmental stimulus” (Moore‚ 2011). Skinner acknowledged that animals act on their surroundings in order to locate food and protection. Skinner was especially fascinated with this observation and wanted
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humans learn right from wrong through either punishment or praise by their parents. Depending on the action and accompanying reaction from their parents‚ a child may develop habits. According to Psychology Today‚ a habit is defined as an acquired behavior pattern regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary (Psychology Today‚ 2012). Some examples of habits are looking both ways before crossing the street‚ brushing one’s teeth before bedtime as well as drinking alcohol and/or smoking
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F. Skinner first majored in literature‚ but then gave up on writing after struggling for a while. He then went to Harvard to get his degree in psychology. Skinner eventually graduated and got a job at the University of Minnesota. He published The Behavior of Organisms and started working on his utopian novel Walden II. He worked in Minnesota for nine years then was head of psychology at the Indiana University. Skinner became a Harvard professor in 1948 and stayed there until his retirement. He also
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Methodology The methodology that Skinner used for his research was an experiment. He used the Skinner Box that consisted of a cage or box that is empty except for a dish tray into which food may be dispensed to experiment with pigeons and their behavior. Skinner Box is an apparatus for studying instrumental conditioning in animals (typically rats or pigeons) in which the animal is isolated and provided with a lever or switch that it learns to use to obtain a reward‚ such as a food pellet‚ or to
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theories focuses on how a past behavior can have an effect on future behaviors or how behaviors are created by past experiences. These experiences try to evaluate why people remain motivated. Skinners Operant Conditioning Theory focuses on the thought that individual’s actions are a direct result of their environmental upbringing. He feels that individuals will repeat behaviors that had previously led to pleasant outcomes. He has four reinforcement options for behavior. The reinforcement options
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psychologists but one of the most prominent behavioral psychologists of all time‚ B.F. Skinner really taught people that any behavior is usually immediately affected by its consequences. I having a young child I have seen Skinners theories work in many different facets during my short stint of being a parent. Skinner is a theorist who made his reputation by studying how an individual’s behavior might change by responding to his/her environment. The great Skinner wrote "Education is what survives when what has
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B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born March 20‚ 1904‚ in Susquehanna‚ Pennsylvania. He was brought up to be hardworking. His mother was a strong woman and a housewife‚ his father was a lawyer. His brother died at the age of 16 of a cerebral aneurism. Burrhus was an active out-going child who liked the outdoors‚ school‚ and building things; something he would later use in his own psychological experiments. Burrhus attended Hamilton College in upstate New York. He wrote for
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are behaviourism‚ cognitivism‚ social constructivism and humanism. Based on the lesson that I have observed in the classroom‚ the teacher practiced the behavioursm learning theory. Behaviourism is actually the earliest learning theory that is being applied in the lesson. According to Tracey & Morrow (2012)‚ behaviourism is theoretical perspective on learning that focuses on observable changes in behaviour (pg. 194). In other words‚ learning is involved whenever there is change in behaviour. Behaviourists
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Operant Conditioning is the concept that you can change someone’s behavior by giving them rewards or punishing them. Let’s pretend that you HATE cleaning your room (it’s a big stretch here I am sure). Your parents give you $50 every time you clean your room. Will this change your behavior? Sure‚ you will have a REALLY clean room. But will this change your feelings about cleaning the room? Probably not‚ you may clean it more‚ but you will not enjoy it any more than before you received the money
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