HYPONATRAEMIA IN THE NEUROSURGICAL PATIENT INTRODUCTION Sodium the most abundant electrolyte in the human body‚ and therefore the osmolality of body fluids is strongly dependent on its concentration. Osmolality in turn is important in maintaining homeostasis within the brain. Ironically‚ dysfunction of the brain can cause changes in sodium homeostasis. To avoid neurological deterioration‚ morbidity or mortality the sodium level must be corrected promptly. The two most common causes of hyponatraemia
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BCMB 230 Final exam Fall 2011 1. Nephrons that control plasma volume are: a. cortical b. juxtamedullary c. juxtaglomerular d. both a and c 1. Hemoglobin that has carbon dioxide bound to it is called: a. Oxyhemoglobin b. deoxyhemoglobin c. carbaminohemoglobin d. hematopoietic 1. Urine moves from the kidney to the bladder by: a. collecting duct b. distal convoluted tubule c. descending loop of Henle d. capsular space 1. Nephrons with a short loop
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Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn CHAPTER PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin‚ Bluegrass Technical and Community College Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Cells: The Living Units 3 P ART A Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education‚ Inc.‚ publishing as Benjamin Cummings But First… Let’s clean up… Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education‚ Inc.‚ publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular
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A STUDY OF OSMOSIS Han Cheng Water passes through aquaporins in cell membranes from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration). This process is called osmosis. It requires no cellular energy to be used‚ and occurs due to the random‚ continuous motion of all molecules. If a cell is placed in an environment in which the concentration of water is less than in the cell (hypertonic)‚ water will flow from the cytoplasm
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Osmosis Lab Report by Evan Gerber Claire Cambron First Lab Report Wednesday 10:30am February 20‚ 2013 Theresa Gburek Abstract The major objective of the experiment was to test the effect of the concentration gradient on the diffusion rate. It was hypothesized that the greater the stronger the concentration gradient‚ the faster the rate of diffusion would be. To test this‚ dialysis tubes were submerged in different concentration fructose solutions. We weighed the tubes at specific
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Biology I Chapter 5 Membranes LearnSmartThe lipid bilayer of cell membranes acts as a barrier to the free movement of substances that are Hydrophilic Water soluble True or False: In order to survive‚ grow and reproduce‚ a cell must continually exchange materials and information with its environment. True Unlike prokaryotic cells‚ eukaryotic cells have internal membranes‚ which surround their organelles. Which structure surrounds all cells? Plasma membrane A defining feature of biological
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MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Pond water Blood plasma K+ A- ClNa+ Cl+ K+ Na+ Cl- Na+ Na+ Gill epithelial cell Intestinal epithelial cells Cl- Cell membrane Anionic proteins (a) Ion concentration inside a single animal cell (b) Ion concentration across gill epithelium of a freshwater fish Blood capillary Intestinal lumen Glucose from meal Cross section of small intestine (c) Glucose transport across intestinal epithelium into
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Effects of Tonicity on Cell Membrane Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of tonicity on a cell membrane using red blood cells‚ potato strips and three unknown solutions (A‚ B‚ C). First three slides were prepared containing RBC’s and unknown solutions A‚ B and C. A control slide was prepared only using RBC’s. After observing each slide under the microscope it was determined that unknown solution A was hypertonic because the RBC appeared to have shrunk. The
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Type 2 – secrete surfactant – defect that damaged type 2 cells? Lung collapse Same function‚ different mechanisms: * Aldosterone: Increases sodium reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule decreasing urine output ADH: By insertion of aquaporins in collecting ducts‚ decreasing urine output Glucagon – Increases blood sugar - produced by alpha cells of the pancreas – needs cortisol to work (permissiveness!) Insulin – Decreases blood sugar – produced by beta cells Review pathology
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Experimental Laboratory Report: An investigation into the rate of osmosis Liana Gohery - 98332250 12/12/2014 Word count - ………3000……….. 1. Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of concentration gradients on the rate of osmosis. Osmosis is the cellular transport of water‚ this study was conducted to show the significance of the rate at which this occurs. Dialysis bags were filled with three different concentrations of sucrose solutions and two with water. They were
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