Gram staining From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923‚ Gram-positive cocci‚ in purple) andEscherichia coli (Escherichia coli ATCC 11775‚ Gram-negative bacilli‚ in red)‚ the most common Gram stain reference bacteria Gram staining (or Gram’s method) is a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). The name comes from its inventor‚ Hans Christian Gram. Gram staining
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living component: organism ⁃ prokaryotic ⁃ nucleoid area ⁃ one circular chromosome ⁃ non-membranous organelle ⁃ cell wall: peptidoglycan ⁃ binary fission ⁃ bacteria simple‚ dynamic‚ well adapted for survival and new environment ⁃ archaea pseudopeptidoglycan‚ extreme environment ⁃ eukaryotic ⁃ nucleus ⁃ multiple chromosomes ⁃ membranous and non-membranous organelle ⁃ no peptidoglycan ⁃ mitosis ⁃ algae photosynthetic‚ pigment‚ cellulose ⁃ fungi natural decomposer‚
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Prokaryotic | Shape/Size | Larger | Smaller | Complexity | Membrane bounded organelles | No membrane bound organelles | Nucleus | Bounded membrane with DNA | DNA in a region (nucleoid) | Kingdom | Plants‚ animals‚ fungi‚ protists | Bacteria and archaea | Reproduction | Sexual reproduction – mitosis | Asexual reproduction – binary fission | * Similarity: plasma membrane‚ cytosol‚ chromosomes‚ ribosomes | Surface Area to Volume Ratio * Metabolic requirements imposes limits on the size
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of species into groups of increasing breadth (Species-Genus-Family-Order-Class-Phylum-Kingdom-Domain) The Three Domains of Life 3 domains (higher level of classification that groups kingdoms) Bacteria Prokaryotic (single-celled; microscopic) Archaea Prokaryotic (single-celled; microscopic) Eukarya Eukaryotic Includes single-celled eukaryotes Splits the protists into several groups in the kingdom level Includes 3 kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes Distinguished partly by their modes
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Origin and Early Revolution: The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth‚ about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years‚ all organisms were microscopic‚ and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. Morphology: Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes‚ called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However‚
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that cannot reproduce by itself. Once it infects a susceptible cell‚ however‚ a virus can direct the cell to produce many more viruses. Viruses can infect all types of life forms‚ such as animals and plants to microorganisms‚ including bacteria and archaea. Genetic materials of viruses: Most viruses have either RNA or DNA as their genetic material. The nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded. The entire infectious virus particle‚ which is called a virion‚ consists of the nucleic acid and an outer
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17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation * George Beadle and Edward Tatum worked together with mutated (Neurospora crass) bread mold to figure out that they were missing a specific enzyme (gene) that catalyzed and synthesized a pathway required. They concluded that they were missing that enzyme because it was lacking the amino acid that coded for the enzyme‚ thus was mutated and incapable of growing. Led to the one enzyme-one gene hypothesis. The Products of Gene Expression:
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Unit 21. The principles of infection control. Outcome 1. 1. Explain the employee’s roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection. The employee has to wear PPE at all times when carrying out any personal care to help prevent any cross infection and to help prevent any. 2. Explain employer’s responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection. The employer is responsible for making sure all employees use PPE when it is required to help
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one parent is involved in asexual reproduction. A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which refers to reproduction without the fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea‚ bacteria‚ and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually (without the formation and fusion of gametes)‚ mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation‚ transformation and transduction
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5. Family (hominidae) 6. Genus (homo) 7. Species (sapiens) * Three domains: 8. Domain Bacteria 9. Domain Archaea 10. Domain Eukarya * Six Kingdoms: 11. Kingdom Animalia (animals) 12. Kingdom Plantae (plants 13. Kingdom Fungi (fungi) 14. Kingdom Prototista (protists) 15. Kingdom Archaea (archaebacteria) 16. Kingdom Bacteria * Modern classification no longer relies on morphology (physical differences) as much as
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