What is Contract Farming ? Contract farming arrangements of different types have existed in various parts of the country for centuries for both subsistence and commercial crops. The commercial crops like sugarcane‚ cotton‚ tea‚ coffee etc. Have always involved some forms of contract farming. Even in the case of some fruit crops and fisheries‚ contract farming arrangements‚ involving mainly the forward trading of commodities have been observed. However‚ in the wake of economic
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The Enron scandal A brief on Enron’s history Enron was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after merging Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. In the early 1990s‚ he helped to initiate the selling of electricity at market prices‚ The resulting markets made it possible for traders such as Enron to sell energy at higher prices‚ thereby significantly increasing its revenue. As Enron became the largest seller of natural gas in North America by 1992‚ Enron pursued a diversification strategy
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Unit 14 The different types of employment contracts Permanent – is a contract that has no defined termination date other than retirement at 65‚ permanent contracts are always more that a year Temporary is a contract that only last for a period of time (6months or less) this is normally done for a replacement of the staffs on maternity or sickness leave or on training. Part time is a contract that allows someone to work fewer hours than a full-time worker. There is no specific number of hours
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Auditor Rotation | Raising Auditor ’s Independence | Proposed By: Varun Basantani | Auditor Rotation- Raising Auditor ’s Independence ------------------------------------------------- Abstract: The question for mandatory audit rotation has been a concern to academics‚ investors‚ practitioners and the public at large. This paper is designed to determine the relationship between mandatory audit rotations and audit Independence. The paper makes an earnest effort to evaluate the need
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What Would You Bring? Have you ever thought about what three items you would bring if your house was burning down? If you have ever been in a burning house you’d know that you don’t have a great of time to think about what you would salvage and what you might just hope to find the day after the fire had stopped. The three objects that came to my mind were my briefcase full of important documents‚ money‚ and my phone. These are all items that I cherish. If my house was burning down and I could
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Business Ethics Enron Case 1. Using the options market more for gambling purposes to cover loss rather than insurance. The culture was if one of their employees was making a lot of money they didn’t ask questions they didn’t look too deep into where the money was going they eventually gave these people more money to spend and use‚ what they realized later on was that that employee wasn’t very good. They were just lucky one time. They made some losses and had to get that loss back so they put
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Statement Four Revenue recognition issues top the list of reasons for financial reporting restatements and one of the methods for creative accounting practices. Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Revenue recognition 4 Sale of goods 4 Rendering of services 5 Interest‚ royalties‚ and dividends 5 Creative Accounting 5 To meet internal targets 6 Meet external expectations. 6 Provide income smoothing. 6 Taxation 6 Change in management
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Case: The Fall of Enron Enron was so admired prior until 2000; they grew to a powerful company. In 1985‚ Internorth acquired Houston Natural Gas to form HNG/Internorth‚ a natural gas pipeline company. This company was renamed to Enron. At the time of Enron’s creation‚ the U.S. gas market was in the middle of deregulation. In 1985‚ rules were established that allowed gas users to realize the cost savings by purchasing gas at spot prices and separately contracting with pipeline firms for delivery
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Enron Corporation (former NYSE ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy‚ commodities‚ and services company based in Houston‚ Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2‚ 2001‚ Enron employed approximately 20‚000 staff and was one of the world’s major electricity‚ natural gas‚ communications‚ and pulp and paper companies‚ with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion during 2000.[1] Fortune named Enron "America’s Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001‚ it was revealed
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1. What problems did Enron encountered? Many went sour in the early months of 2001 as Enron’s stock price and debt rating imploded because of loss of investor and creditor trust Methods the company used to disclose (or creatively obscure) it’s complicated financial dealings were erroneous and‚ in the view of some‚ downright deceptive The company’s lack of transparency in reporting its financial affairs‚ followed by financial restatements disclosing billions of dollars of omitted liabilities and
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