are spontaneous Endothermic reactions (H>0) involving a decrease in entropy (s < 0) are non-spontaneous What about when H < 0 and S < 0 Temperature becomes important aas well as an understanding of the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics Gibbs free energy I general a change at constant temp and pressure will occur spontaneously if its accompanied by a decrease in Gibbs Free energy G‚ change are spontaneous if the change in G‚ G < 0
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panel is in equilibrium if its temperature‚ Tp‚ remains constant. This means that the panel is losing as much power as it is gaining. It gains energy only through the one sunlit side‚ but it can radiate energy from both sides. Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is
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Types : Potential – stored energy Due to position- Due to motion- Vibrational motion of a plucked guitar Translational motion of a moving bullet Kinetic motion of moving molecules Energy at Work- Laws of Thermodynamics (c) Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy cannot be created nor destroyed‚ it can only be transformed from one form to another form. * Bookeeping of energy A + B = C Situation | Seem to Be | Actual | Type of Energy
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Create-and re-create the building blocks * Reorganize/adapt * Two categories of metabolism * Catabolism: get energy by breaking down food (bimolecular). * Anabolic pathways: use energy to build molecules. Second law of thermodynamic * The degree of disorder in isolated systems or universe only increases * Entropy is a measure of disorder within a system * A positive entropy change spontaneously favors a reaction (if this reaction makes S increases‚ it’s favored)
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can be derived from the two known values. Some intensive properties‚ such as viscosity‚ are empirical macroscopic quantities and are not relevant to extremely small systems. Combined intensive properties There are four properties in any thermodynamic system‚ two intensive ones and two extensive ones. If a set of parameters‚ \{a_i\}‚ are intensive properties and another set‚ \{A_j\}‚ are extensive properties‚ then the function F(\{a_i\}‚\{A_j\}) is an intensive property if for all \alpha
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(internal minus atmosphere pressure - p) and external sealing force‚ the rubber seal is compressed (h) and should prevent air leakage. However‚ experiments show a continuous‚ nonlinear decrease in p(t) as a function of time. A few classical (macro) thermodynamic models for predicting p(t)‚ via considering air flow through cracks‚ have been suggested before‚ based on [1] but they have failed to describe the profile in question due to the coupled constitutive properties of rubber and a construction that
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CH 110 Pre-Lab revised Spring 2015 HESS’ LAW AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 1. (a) IN YOUR OWN WORDS‚ explain how Hess’ Law (of constant heat summation) applies to the 3 chemical reactions that will be studied in this experiment (b) Does the temperature decrease or increase for an exothermic reaction? (c) Is energy released or absorbed for an exothermic reaction? (d) What is the sign (positive or negative) for the ΔH of an exothermic reaction ?
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gas and carbon dioxide‚ which is classified as a linear triatomic gas. After these experimental heat capacities ratio were calculated they were then compared with theoretical values. Introduction: Heat capacity is a very important concept in thermodynamics. It is directly used to calculate the entropies and enthalpies of a system. Kirchhoff ‘s law is used to find the change in heat of a reaction with respect to temperature if the heat capacities are known‚ and the entropies of substance can be
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ABSTRACT This laboratory focused on the thermodynamic processes involved when two incompressible substances are mixed together. 12 experiments were performed‚ 10 involving the combination of a measured amount of hot and cold water and 2 involving the combination of ice and liquid water‚ the majority of these experiments were performed three times. The average variance in final temperature for each experiment was less than 10 percent providing proof of repeatability. Equipment used during the
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 449 SENIOR LAB Test of a Heat Pump Submitted Submitted by: Submitted to: Executive Summary: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the performance values of a Hylton Air and Water Heat Pump System. The system uses refrigerant 134a and water as the working fluids. The power input of the system was measured. The rate of heat output and the coefficient of performance are
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