about and associate with the soul. We then turn to various Presocratic thinkers‚ and to the philosophical theories that are our primary concern‚ those of Plato (first in the Phaedo‚ then in theRepublic)‚ Aristotle (in the De Anima or On the Soul)‚ Epicurus‚ and the Stoics. These are by far the most carefully worked out theories of soul in ancient philosophy. Later theoretical developments — for instance‚ in the writings of Plotinus and other Platonists‚ as well as the Church Fathers —are best studied
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The Pre-Socratic Philosophers | "Pre-Socratic" is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to man’s place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C.‚ the term "Pre-Socratic" indicates not so much a chronological limit‚ but rather an outlook or range of interests‚ an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist)
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Atomic theory is the idea that matter is made up of small particles made of atoms. The atomic theory first had 5 points which were stated by John Dalton who came up with it. The first one was that all elements were made up of small units called atoms. The second one was that all atoms of a given element are identical to each other. Third‚ all the atoms were different from all the other atoms. Fourth‚ atoms of different elements combined together in equal numbers to form compounds. Fifth and final
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The History of Philosophy A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y and Z (A) Abelard‚ Peter: One of the most heated debates that troubled the church in the Middle Ages was the question of universals. This question goes back as far as Plato’s Forms. It has to do with the relationship between the abstract and general concepts that we have in our minds (what is the relationship between Chair with a capitol “C” and chair with a small “c”?). And from this‚ two radical viewpoints emerged
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Apollonius of Rhodes (Author) Wrote The Argonautica. The myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from remote Colchis Aratus (Author) Wrote Phaenomena. A didactic (teaching something) poem about astronomy. Describes constellations and other celestial phenomena. Aristophanes (Author) wrote The Clouds‚ The Frogs‚ Lysistrata‚ old comedy‚ native Athenian‚ attacks politicians‚ harsh critic of various governments Aristoxenus (Author) music‚ science‚ wrote the Elements
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What contribution did the Presocratics make to the early development of philosophy? Before the Presocratics the world was under the influence of the Olympian gods who were much like humans‚ changeable and willful. The Greek world was wondering about what the universe was made of and how it came to assume its present form. The Presocratics were 6th and 5th century BCE Greek thinkers who were not influenced by the views of Socrates and who introduced a new way of thinking about the world and the place
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philosopher in particular‚ Democritus‚ stands out for his belief of the existence of substances. Democritus holds the principle true that the only thing that exists is atom and void. This is seen in the statement made by Democritus‚ “being exists no more than non-being‚ because the void exists [no less] than body” (Democritus 25). Democritus principles align with that of Lewis’s opposition to the argument of their being more than nature due to the principles that he puts forth. Democritus explains the varying
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Menoeceus‚ Epicurus provides his perspective of how one can bring meaning to their lives. He makes the argument that one should take actions towards the satisfaction of all desires and attainment of freedom from pain and fear‚ which all ultimately lead to tranquility of the mind and soul. In opposition to Epicurus’ argument‚ someone could say that one can miscalculate that self-interest is more important than morality which in turn‚ supports the behavior of psychopaths. In response‚ Epicurus might say
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In “Letter to Menoeceus” by Epicurus‚ Epicurus sends out the message that the most pleasant sort of life is one in which there is happiness and pleasure. He argues that there is no time in which we are too young or too old to seek wisdom to change our lives for the better‚ and that “both old and young alike ought to seek wisdom” (Epicurus 11). A bit later in the letter‚ he tells Menoeceus to avoid fearing death because there is nothing that we as humans can do about it. He tells Menoeceus that “death
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dates back quite far‚ even back to ancient society. “Regarding the existence of other worlds‚ the ancients of both Greece and rome were deeply divided. Arguing affirmative were the Epicureans‚ so called after Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)‚ who developed certain ideas that had originated with Democritus and Leucippus two centuries earlier. Among the theories that we today consider most modern are...that life exists elsewhere in the universe...Modern though these ideas may seem to us‚ they all indisputably
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