Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below‚ complete all three. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. There are 2 neurons afferent neurons these carry messages to the central nervous system. Efferent neurons carry messages from the central nervous system. Neurons communicate through voltage changes. This can sometimes lead to quick action reaction
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Neurotransmitter Release Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly. 1. The end of the axon where it contacts a target is called the You correctly answered: c. axon terminal. 2. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap by You correctly answered: a. exocytosis. 3. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is triggered by an increase in the intracellular concentration of You correctly answered: c. Ca2+ . 4. Neurotransmitter
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LABORATORY REPORT (Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report) Activity: Name: Instructor: Date: Twitch Contractions and Summation Katrelle Bond Rachel Waite November 7‚ 2014 Predictions Effect of Muscle Fiber Length on Contraction 1. As muscle fiber length increases contraction force increases. Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 2. As the frequency of stimulation increases‚ the force of contraction: increases. Materials and Methods Measurement of Threshold
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LABORATORY REPORT Activity 2 Twitch Contractions and Summation Name Instructor Date PREDICTIONS Effect of Muscle Fiber Length on Contraction 1. As muscle fiber length increases Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 2. As the frequency of stimulation increases‚ the force of contraction MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurement of Threshold Stimulus 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable 3. Controlled Variables Effect of Muscle Length on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable
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electrical impulse or signal. The resting potential is around -75 mV. During resting potential‚ the inside of the axon is negative GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a fleeting reversal of the membrane potential‚ caused by changes in permeability of the plasma membrane of neuron to potassium and sodium ions causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted along the axon. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane‚ a few of the voltage-gated sodium channels that are found in the
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the cell cannot fire during this refractory period. The action potential travels down the axon as the membrane of the axon depolarizes and repolarizes. Myelin insulates the axon to prevent leakage of the current as it travels down the axon. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin along the axons; they contain sodium and potassium ion channels‚ allowing the action potential to travel quickly down the axon by jumping from one node to the next. Action Potential A neuron can receive input from other
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central region. * Swollen region containing the cell nucleus has several names: cell body‚ soma‚ and perikaryon. * The thin tubes that radiate away from the soma are called neuritis and are of two types: axons and dendrites. * Cell body usually gives rise to a single axon. Axons act like wires that carry the output of the neurons. Dendrites act as the antennae o the neuron to receive incoming signals or input. * Camillo Golgi versus Santiago Ramon y Cajal: Golgi
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steady-state potential shows 63% drop in amplitude Passive spread of electric signal Vx = Vo· e-x/λ (λ of neurons is 1-2mm) Assuming λ=1mm‚ what would be the magnitude of the spinal depolarization if it was to travel a distance of 1m to the axon terminal by electrotonic conduction and induce a 10mV change in Vm? 0.01 = Vo · e-1000/1 = Vo · e-1000 Vo = 0.01 · e1000 ~ 10430V 2 10/22/2012 Propagation of AP Electrotonic
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closed) of Na+ channels in the resting membrane of a neuron? b. Na+ channels are mostly closed. Pre-lab Quiz Results 1. A negative membrane potential was recorded when the tip of the microelectrode was d. both inside the cell body and inside the axon. 2. Which of the following caused a change in membrane potential from -70 to -40 in the cell body? a. an increase in extracellular K+ 3. Which of the following
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ckingmotherCoordination by Neural Signaling 26.1 Invertebrates reflect an evolutionary trend toward bilateral symmetry and cephalization * Invertebrate Nervous Organization * In simple animals‚ such as sponges‚ the most common observable response is closure of the osculum (central opening) * Hydras (cnidarians) have a nerve net that is composed of neurons * Planarians‚ (flatworms) have a ladderlike nervous system * In annelids (earthworm)‚ arthropods (crab)‚ and
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