Archasea Bacteria Luca Last Universal Common Ancestor Lucas Characheristics deduce form shared characteristics of A + B today: DNA (cf. RNA) genome No nuclear membrane or intracellular organelles Electron Transport Chains (ETC)- ATP (energy) Proteins Same genetic code Prokaryontes 2.75 bya‚ are responsible for a dramatic increase in atmospheric O2. Cyanobacteria = photosynthesizing bacteria + related prokaryontes Evidence of O2 increase: Rust in rock
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Genetics: the science of heredity that includes the study of what genes are‚ how they carry info‚ how they are replicated and passed to subsequent generations of cells or passed between organisms‚ and how the expression of their info within an organism determines the particular characteristics of that organism. Genome: the cell’s genetic information that includes it’s plasmids and chromosome. Chromosomes: structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary info‚ contain the genes Genes:
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structure; Microbial nutrition‚ growth and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration‚ photosynthesis); Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics (plasmids‚ transformation‚ transduction‚ conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features; Viruses. Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Ramachandran map; Weak inter-molecular interactions in biomacromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single
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TAQ1 Definition of Pathogen and research into the main features of bacteria‚ protozoa‚ fungi and viruses. Pathogens‚ or infectious agents‚ are microorganisms that cause disease or illness to their host. There are divided into four groups; bacteria‚ protozoa‚ fungi and viruses. The term pathogen most often describes an organism that disrupts the normal physiology of a plant or animal. In identifying a pathogen it is important to determine the properties that ‘contribute to its infectious
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Biotechnology Advances 27 (2009) 474–488 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biotechnology Advances j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / b i o t e c h a d v Research review paper Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics P.C. Abhilash‚ Sarah Jamil‚ Nandita Singh ⁎ Eco-Auditing Group‚ National Botanical Research Institute‚ Council of Scientific & Industrial Research‚ Rana Pratap Marg‚ Lucknow
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surface of cells. 10. All of the following are components of a bright-field compound microscope EXCEPT * The scanning objective lens * The condenser lens * The phase plate * The oil-immersion objective lens Chapter 6 A bacterial species has been determined to have a generation time of 30
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Translation: I “verb” - I am “verbing” - I do “verb” First conjugation vowel = a Second Conjugation vowel = e Third Conjugation vowel = i Third Conjugation (io) = i Fourth Conjugation vowel = i IMPERFECT TENSE - present stem + special vowel + ba = m‚s‚t‚mus‚tis‚nt Translation: I was “verbing” - I used to “verb” - I “verbed” First conjugation vowel = a Second Conjugation vowel = e Third Conjugation vowel = e Third Conjugation (io) = ie Fourth Conjugation vowel = ie FUTURE TENSE - present stem (see below)
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The causes of disease in humans. Lifestyle 1. BIOL1 : Basis and risk factors of heart disease 2. BIOL1 : Basis of lung disease and lung function Pathogens 3. BIOL1 : Nature of pathogens and infection 4. BIOL1 : Cholera and dehydration 5. BIOL2 : Horizontal gene transfer and antibiotic resistance Genetics 6. BIOL1 : symptoms of lactose intolerance 7. BIOL2 : Formation of non-functional enzymes 8. BIOL5 : Risk factors for cancer‚ the nature of cancer‚ tumours suppressor and proto-oncogenes
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Charles Bawden discovered tobacco mosaic virus RNA 1944 Barbara McClintock reported transposable elements: "jumping genes" 1946 Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg discovered that bacteria can exchange genetic material directly through conjugation Max Delbruck and Alfred Day Hershey discovered a combination of genetic material from viruses: genetic recombination 1950 Erwin Chargaff found that amounts of adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine in DNA are always about the same
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Antimicrobials Anti-bacterials * Need a drug selectively toxic to bacterial cells but won’t harm human cells * Many drugs that achieve this still have side effects as every drug is a poison Bacterial Infections * Immunocompromised especially vulnerable * Opportunistic infection – Infection caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system. A compromised immune system however presents ‘opportunity’ for pathogen to infect * Prophylaxis
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