What are the different ways‚ physiological and pharmacological‚ in which blood vessel diameter can be modified? Detection of changes in blood pressure (leading to resultant changes in blood vessel diameter): Baroreceptors at the carotid sinus (the bifurcation of internal and external carotid arteries in the neck) and the aortic arch detect changes in blood pressure. These non-encapsulated nerve endings‚ located in the adventitial layer of arteries‚ are technically mechanoreceptors; they respond
Premium Artery Epinephrine Signal transduction
Advanced Cell Biology II – Homework # 1 Step 1: Determine which GPCRs are associated with the peach scent. (3.5 pts) Insert the cDNA of all the olfactory GPCRs into E. coli and purify out all the olfactory GPCR proteins. For each GPCR protein‚ have one control reaction with just the GPCR‚ and one experimental reaction where the GPCR is incubated with the peach extract. Do this for all the olfactory GPCRs. Run all the samples on a gel. If a compound in the peach extract is the ligand for a specific
Premium Signal transduction Protein DNA
Achondroplasia In humans achondroplasia is the most common form of non-lethal skeletal dysplasia (short limb dwarfism)‚ affecting over 250‚000 people worldwide. The incidence is approximately one in 10‚000-30‚000 live births. (1-7) Achondroplasia is characterised by short stature (average height of 120-132cm (2‚3)) with disproportionately shorter proximal limb bones‚ a long trunk with a narrow thorax‚ macrocephaly with frontal bossing and mid face hyperplasia. (1-4) People with achondroplasia also
Premium Signal transduction Mutation Natural selection
Exam 3 Review Sheet Equation for cellular respiration‚ be able to follow carbons from glucose to carbon dioxide Four stages of cellular respiration Glycolysis‚ location‚ three phases‚ output. Breakdown of pyruvate‚ location‚ input and output Citric acid cycle‚ overall goal‚ main processes. Oxidative phosphorylation‚ electron transport chain‚ final acceptor Chemiosmosis‚ role of H ions‚ role of ATP synthase Fermentation‚ steps in the process‚ alcoholic and lactate‚ where each occurs Be able
Premium Signal transduction Adenosine triphosphate Protein
The cell membrane is made up of fats‚ proteins‚ lipids‚ and carbohydrates‚ and is a permeable structure. However‚ this permeation is very discerning because it only lets certain things pass through it. The cell membrane has a layer of phospholipids with hydrophobic ends and hydrophilic tops. The “tails” are made out of phosphate‚ while the “heads” are made up of two strings of fatty acids. There are two layers of these phospholipids‚ called the “bilayer”‚ and the tips of each phospholipid are facing
Premium Cell membrane Adenosine triphosphate Lipid bilayer
Receptor Protein Protein that binds to a specific single molecule‚ enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule. i.e. The muscles of a person exercising can not contract without receptor proteins and signal molecules that tell the muscles when to contract and when to relax. Second Messenger Signal molecule produced in response to the binding of a chemical signal. Acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm. Signal Molecule Carries information throughout the body and to other
Premium Protein Signal transduction
ABC Transporters: Juvenile Macular Degeneration (JMD) The ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) also known as ATP-driven membrane pump is a superfamily of protein with a subfamily that contains a well-maintained ATP binding and several transmembrane domains (Devlin‚ 2011). Each member of the superfamily oversees the process of catalyzation dependent of ATP transporter from a wide diversity of substances and mediums present in different tissues in the body (Devlin‚ 2011). In addition‚ they are intricate in
Premium Cancer Oncology Protein
Through endocrine signaling‚ the signaling molecule or hormone is produced by a gland and discharged into the blood where it travels until it reaches certain blood cells distant from its place of origin on which it exerts its action. This is a long distance communication process. The signaling molecule is mainly of protein origin‚ although there is also a varied range of steroidal hormones. (ENDOCRINE SIGNALLING: Image from University of Kent https://moodle.kent.ac.uk/external/mod/book/view
Premium Protein Immune system DNA
GDF15/MIC-1 is a product of macrophage activation‚ suggesting that it may be involved in chronic inflammatory processes (-). GDF15 is a stress-responsive member of the TGF-β superfamily and initially described as macrophage inhibitory cytokine (-). Although GDF15 has been described in many solid tumors for almost 10 years‚ the nature of its receptor is still unknown. There is some evidence of Smad signaling pathway activation‚ suggesting GDF15 may act through TGF-β receptor superfamily pathways (-)
Premium Cancer DNA Protein
Therefore‚ new biomarkers that involve miRNA and cost effective non-invasive treatment options for both BA and HCC must be identified and created. In order to do so‚ the mechanism behind their development must be further inspected. By studying the interaction between AFB1‚ miR-155‚ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. New research findings will help obtain the information necessary to aid pharmaceutical companies to develop medical products that can help prevent or treat HCC and BA patients. Thus
Premium Cancer Causality Liver