Discuss the role of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers in biological rhythms A rhythm is something that is regularly repeated e.g. eating several times a day. These rhythms are repeated over different intervals and they are governed by both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors. An endogenous pacemaker is something internal that sets the rhythm‚ and an exogenous zeitgeber is something external that affects / sets the rhythm e.g. light. A biological rhythm that
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Homeostasis Homeostasis refers to the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes. It is involved in the maintenance of the constant internal environment which includes the function of kidney‚ liver‚ skin‚ etc. In humans‚ homeostasis happens when the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. For example‚ we sweat to
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Unable to read the Gram Stain at first it was later confirmed that Unknown #7 was a gram negative bacteria. When introduced to Starch Unknown #7 produced no zone of clearing showing that it did not contain the enzyme amylase. When introduced to the Lipid Unknown #7 did produce a zone of clearing indicating that it did contain the enzyme lipase. When introduced to Casein Unknown #7 produced no zone of clearing indicating that it did not contain the enzyme protease. When streaked onto the Gelatin‚
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Day 1 Throughout the semester‚ I have learned multiple techniques for identifying bacteria. Learning how to gram stain‚ use specific media such as MacConkey agar‚ and test antibiotics to see which antibiotic would react best against a specific organism. All these techniques helped me prepare for the final lab‚ identification of an unknown bacterium. For the final lab‚ I received the organism “6A”. To start identifying this organism‚ I did a gram-stain to identify if the organism is gram positive
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We have an internal body clock the lasts the duration of a day (24 hours)‚ which is therefore able to control the circadian rhythm. As the biological body clock is controlled inside it is known as endogenous‚ these are called endogenous pacemakers. So how do these work on their own to affect the sleep-wake cycle and why do we need external factors to also help control our circadian rhythms? There have been many studies into endogenous pacemakers to see if our sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms)
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Rebekah Worley February 21‚ 2012 Mitchell Section 4 Biol 311 Staining and Identifying Unknown Bacteria Introduction: The microbiology lab up to this point has been used to teach the students how to stain and identify bacteria. There are several types of staining through which the bacteria can be identified based on the color and shape. The staining methods used in the lab are Gram Staining‚ Capsule Staining‚ Endospore Staining‚ and Acid Fast staining. One of the most significant method of
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Gram Stain: Gram is an empirical method to distinguish the species of bacteria into two groups Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on the physicochemical properties of the cells. First‚ a smear was prepared by use a sterile transfer loop that been flamed to removes some bacteria from slant agar and placed on the slide; mixed with one drop of water and let air dried. After dried‚ heat fixation the slide by passed the slide over a flame quickly 2-3 times to stick bacteria to the slide. Next‚ the
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Describing the appearance of bacterial colonies has been an important tool for microbiologists. On solid media‚ a colony is theoretically derived from a single cell. If well separated from other colonies‚ a colony will have a characteristic shape (both in elevation and margin)‚ size‚ color‚ and consistency. Usually‚ observation is made with the naked eye‚ but dissecting microscopes are also used. The characteristics defined by a colony’s morphology may be used at a superficial level to distinguish
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the length of exposure to the agent ‚ the number of microorganism present and the material bearing the microorganism . Bacterial growth can be controlled by chemical agents such as: sterilization in which we kill all living organisms. Disinfection‚ decontamination‚ disinfectant‚ antiseptic‚ sanitizer and antibiotic are another chemical agents that can used to affect on bacterial growth. Chemical methods involve the application of specific chemical agents which inhibit growth or kill microbes on
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throughout the experiment to determine the results. In this case‚ the independent variable were the types of cleaner used (Palmolive‚ Betadine‚ Dettol). These were changed throughout the experiment to compare different effects of cleaners towards bacterial growth. A dependent variable is the factor in which is being measured and observed. In this case‚ the zone of inhibition was measured which was used to determine the area and percentage of the bacteria growth. Constant variables are the factors
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