which is the procedure recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration‚ was devised by William Kirby and A.W. Bauer in 1966. In the current protocols involved in the Kirby-Bauer method‚ Mueller-Hinton standard agar is used as the medium for bacterial culture. The pH of the standard agar is 7.2 to 7.4 and it is poured exclusively to a depth of 4 mm. The medium is heavily inoculated with bacteria and paper disks containing enough of the antibiotic under study to create an optical density of 1
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surface of cells. 10. All of the following are components of a bright-field compound microscope EXCEPT * The scanning objective lens * The condenser lens * The phase plate * The oil-immersion objective lens Chapter 6 A bacterial species has been determined to have a generation time of 30
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AP Bio - Modern Genetics Protein Synthesis • Start with primer • New strand is 5’ to 3’ • TATA Box - TTAATTAA • RNA Polymerase - Reads and matches bases (One recipe; only reads leading strand) • Single strand produced; mRNA • Now produced pre-mRNA (You need exon‚ not intron) • Introns create spaces‚ need ligase to connect exons to make true mRNA. • Adds a poly A tail (on 3’ side) and 5’ (prime) cap (on 5’ side) used for defense • Leaves through pore to ribosome. • Messenger RNA will attach to
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The Rise of the Superbugs A Superbug is a bacterium that can live in the human body and has the ability to withstand all forms of antibiotic medication. Superbugs are becoming increasingly significant in modern medicine as they are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotics were discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming (Walsh and McManus‚ 2000). This resulted in a huge movement forward in medical history and even greatened human life expectancy. Since then antibiotics have been
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acids and DNA is made of four nucleotides. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A‚ B‚ and C are correct. Topic: Concept 16.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) In his transformation experiments‚ Griffith observed that A) mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections. B) mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. C) mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic
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The primary challenge of inhabiting a high salinity environment is balancing osmotic pressure. Since these environments contain high salt concentrations‚ water from the cells of organisms spontaneously diffuses out of the cytoplasm in order to restore osmotic balance. This leaves cells dehydrated and thus‚ eventually causes cell death. In order to ameliorate this predicament‚ halophiles use one of two unique strategies that function to increase the osmolarity of the cell‚ both of which as illustrated
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Clostridium Difficile Clostridium difficile also known as C-diff in the medical world or C. difficile in the science world is a bacterium that infects the colon of humans. C-diff belongs to the bacteria Domain. Bacteria are unicellular organisms that contain Peptidoglycan in their cell walls. C-diff is a member of the phylum Firmicutes which means it has a Gram-positive stain and a low guanine and cytosine content. C-diff is also classified as a clostridia meaning it has a lack of aerobic respiration
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from eubacteria‚ possessing unique ancient evolutionary history for which they are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth. The Bacteria Domain consists of: being prokaryotic‚ consisting of prokaryotic in their membranes and bacterial rRNA‚ and no nuclear membrane. The Archaea Eukarya Domain consists of: being eukaryotic‚ and having a nuclear membrane. In a five-kingdom system‚ living organisms are subdivided into five major kingdoms‚ including the Monera‚ the Protista‚ the
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Chapter 1 1. The scientist usually considered the first to see microorganisms‚ which he called "animalcules"‚ was A) Redi B) van Leeuwenhoek C) Pasteur D) Tyndall 2. The idea of Spontaneous Generation postulated that A) organisms could evolve into the next generation of organisms B) organisms could spontaneously combust C) organisms could spontaneously arise from other living organisms D) living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material 3. The work of Tyndall
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INTRODUCTION Radiations are energy in the form of waves or particles. They are of two forms‚ ionizing radiations and non-ionizing radiations. Ionizing radiations are radiations of short wavelength and high energy which causes atoms to ionize. Examples of ionizing radiations includes: x-rays‚ gamma rays‚ ultra violet radiation. Non-ionizing radiations are radiations of long wavelengths and low energy. Examples of non ionizing radiations includes infra-red rays and visible lights e.t.c Effects of ionizing
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