AL KINDI Birth: 801 CE in Basra‚ Iraq Death: 873 CE in Baghdad‚ Iraq Era: Medieval era (Islamic Golden Age) Education: House of Wisdom Interests: Al Kindi area of interest was Philosophy‚ logic‚ ethics‚ mathematics‚ physics‚ chemistry‚ psychology‚ pharmacology‚ medicine‚ metaphysics‚ cosmology‚ astrology‚ music theory‚ Islamic theology (kalam) Books: De Gradibus‚ Scientific weather forecasting in the middle ages‚ The medical formulary‚ or Aqrābādhīn Lifetime of Al Kindi Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Isḥaq
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REVIEW-No16 final 6/15/05 10:40 AM Page 51 A Brief History of Money in Islam and Estimating the Value of Dirham and DÏn¥r M. Zarra Nezhad Abstract: Before the appearance of Islam‚ dÏn¥r and dirham were the currencies in use in the Byzantine and Iran empires‚ respectively. Both currencies were in use in preIslamic Arabia and continued to be so in the Islamic state. In 74 AH the Islamic dÏn¥r and dirham were minted. Estimating their value is a matter of considerable importance to those
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The purpose of this essay is to discuss the Islamization of Persia in relation to the Samanid and Buyid Dynasties. The synthesis of Persian culture and Islam was not an immediate result of the Arab expansion into Iran and there is certainly a lack of research on the subject. However‚ in this essay‚ I will attempt to explain the contributions of the Samanid and Buyid dynasties to this synthesis with a focus on the attempts of the Samanid Dynasty at centralization and a unified identity through religion
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Terrorists‚ by definition‚ fight an entirely different type of war. Acts of terrorism are not perpetrated by soldiers‚ they are carried out by individuals‚ or groups of individuals‚ who have no other recourse but to lash out at the nations that they perceive as their oppressors with whatever tools they have available. They strap bombs on their backs‚ walk into areas crowded with people‚ and strike a blow for the cause. Car bombs‚ snipers‚ hijacked airplanes‚ it makes no difference how the terrorist
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The History of Isis Isis was founded in 1999 by Jordanian radical Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Following the invasion in Iraq in 2003‚ Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his group of militia‚ who will later be known as Isis‚ got plenty of notoriety in the early stages of the war in Iraq for the suicide attacks on Shia Islamic mosques‚ civilians‚ Italian soldiers fighting with the US‚ and Iraqi institutions. In October 2004‚ Al-Zarqawi’s group officially pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda. They then
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emergent of Mamluks started under Hasan Pasha’s whose intent was to strengthen his personal base of power by creating a group of disciplined military and civil functionaries committed uniquely to him and not to the government at Istanbul or the Arabs of Baghdad. A page corps was formed‚ originally recruited from local families but later composed almost exclusively of slaves imported from the Caucasus and Georgia (Thomas Philipp‚ Ulrich Haarmann‚ 1998.) These slaves were instructed in reading and writing
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Chapter 11 Mongol armies besieged the Genoese trading on Black Sea in 1346 Damaged trading links between East Asia and Mediterranean bubonic plague Geneose merchants and soldiers withdrew‚ taking germs with them reached Messina‚ Sicily‚ half were dead and rest dying went port to port‚ spreading the germs killed one third of European population land and sea trailes of human voyagers became accidental conduits for deadly microbes devastated societies more than Mongol warfare “murderous
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Cooption and Coercion Numerous ways exist to describe the people of the Middle East. One can describe a people by their ethnicity‚ religion or sect‚ tribe‚ class‚ gender‚ and so forth. These descriptors give one a sense of identity‚ and the identities of the people of the Middle East have played a critical role in the politics of the region. Especially in the cases of ethnic and religious differences‚ Middle Eastern regimes seek to overcome those differences‚ not for the sake of social harmony‚ but
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The Effect of The “Us vs Them” Mentality on U.S. Military Personnel and Police Force There exists a very dangerous threat to society that settles in the minds of both the law enforcement and military of this nation and many other nations. This threat manifests itself in such forms as blatant racism‚ discrimination‚ xenophobia‚ and‚ in some cases‚ the use of excessive‚ sadistic‚ or otherwise unnecessarily excessive force. This threat that I write of will commonly be referred to as the “us vs them”
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an average of 5 hours per trip. Cost to the taxpayers: $2‚100‚744‚ or $27‚715 per trip‚ or $1‚285‚162 per year! Here’s the best part taxpayer: Cost of in-flight food and alcohol: $101‚429; $1‚193 per trip; $62‚051 per year. On one junket to Baghdad ‚ according to the Air Force report‚ she had the aircraft bar stocked with Johnny Walker Red Scotch‚ Grey Goose Vodka‚ E&J Brandy‚ Bailey’s Irish Cream‚ Maker’s Mark Whiskey‚ Courvoisier Cognac‚ Bacardi Rum‚ Jim Beam Whiskey‚ Beefeater Gin
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