shapedelectrodes are enclosed in a flat vacuum chamber‚ which is installed in a narrow gap between the two poles of a large magnet. Beam of electrons moving in a circle. Lighting is caused by excitation of gas atoms in a bulb. Sketch of a particle being accelerated in a cyclotron‚ and being ejected through abeamline. Cyclotrons accelerate charged particle beams using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two "D"-shaped electrodes (also called "dees"). An additional static magnetic
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and the materials that are being used. The original bridges were simply trees‚ which by chance had fallen over small rivers or streams. However‚ as time went on‚ bridges became much more advanced‚ including suspension bridges‚ arch bridges and beam bridges. In suspension bridges‚ cables are suspended from support towers‚ which hold up the deck‚ or road. Suspension bridges first started appearing in the early 19th century‚ with the most famous probably being the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco
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Theory of elasticity -stress and strain stress -constitutive equations. Theory of Plasticity y y -Yielding Criteria‚ -Von mises criterion and Tresca criterion. - Plastic analysis and limit design methods for structural systems( beams‚ frames and plates) 1-ELASTICITY yp -Introduction for different types of nonlinear behavior -Tensors symbolic -Unidirectional stress and strain Unidirectional -3D components of stress and strain - Equilibrium equations - Invariants of stresses tensor -Principal
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thin beam of rapidly moving electrons that interfere with the specimen placed in the tube. In a TEM‚ the electrons are emitted by the electron gun in the cathode ray tube‚ and then accelerated by the anode. They then pass through a small aperture‚ which forms them into a beam‚ and into the vacuum inside the tube. The electromagnetic lenses around the tube of the electron microscope maintain the electron beam and focus it within the centre of the tube with an electromagnetic field. When the beam reaches
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Rather than shining a monochromatic beam of light at the sample‚ this technique shines a beam containing many frequencies of light at once‚ and measures how much of that beam is absorbed by the sample. Next‚ the beam is modified to contain a different combination of frequencies‚ giving a second data point. This process is repeated many times. Afterwards‚ a computer takes all these data and works backwards to infer what the absorption is at each wavelength The beam described above is generated by
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directs a beam of electrons rather than light through a specimen. The beam of electrons is created from an electron gun. This beam then travels through the length of the microscope cylinder‚ which contains the lenses‚ the specimen chamber‚ and the image-recording system. Two types of electron lenses are used‚ electrostatic and electromagnetic. They create electric and electromagnetic fields to both concentrate and move the beam. The electron microscope requires that the electron beam be in a
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PRACTICAL 7 TITLE : DETERMINATION OF ERYTHROSINE CONCENTRATION USING UV- VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETER INTRODUCTION In chemistry‚ spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. It is more specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light‚ near-ultraviolet‚ and near-infrared‚ but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Spectrophotometry
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Prestressed Concrete Institute.) 1 7166M01.qxd_lb 6/3/09 09:38 AM Page 2 2 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts Figure 1.1 Prestressing principle in linear and circular prestressing. (a) Linear prestressing of a series of blocks to form a beam. (b) Compressive stress on midspan section C and end section A or B. (c) Circular prestressing of a wooden barrel by
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or passive array antennas. The beaming being fixed‚ scanning can only be achieved by physically moving the antenna. Typically a surveillance radar will produce a fan shaped beam with a fixed elevation illumination profile‚ the azimuth scanning being achieved by rotating the antenna. A tracking radar will have a pencil beam that is used to track targets by the use of a mechanical tracking mount. Because of the limitations imposed on such radars by their
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to another lens receiving the information. The receiving lens connects to a high-sensitivity receiver via optical fiber. Because the transmission in occurred in air it is easily upgradable. FSO send a light beam from one point to another using low power lasers in the teraHertz spectrum. This beam is transmitted by laser light focused on photon detector receivers. These receivers collect the photon stream and transmit digital data. If there is a clear line between the two point FSO can operate on a
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