Student Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction‚ Evaluation‚ and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles‚ California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction‚ Evaluation‚ and Application ‚ 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company‚ Los Angeles‚ California
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Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist of the mid to late 1800s. He rejected the Classical School‚ which believed that crime was a characteristic of human nature and instead believed that criminality was inherited. From this belief‚ he developed a theory of deviance in which a person’s bodily constitution indicates whether or not an individual is a "born criminal." These "born criminals" are a throwback to an earlier stage of human evolution with the physical makeup‚ mental capabilities‚ and
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References: Blomberg‚ T. G.‚ & Lucken‚ K. (2010). _American penology: A history of control_ (2nd ed.). New Brunswich‚ NJ: Transaction Publishers. Ramsland‚ K. (2009). THE MEASURE OF A MAN: CESARE LOMBROSO AND THE CRIMINAL TYPE._Forensic Examiner_‚ _18_(4)‚ 70-72.
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then there was no need to understand the motivation of the origin of crime‚ and this would deter crime (Freilich‚ 2015). Deterrence was Beccaria’s main idea of punishment as opposed to retribution and crime prevention was an important factor. Beccaria argued that courts should use punishment to reduce crime and that the consequences should be made public. His perspective of thinking was that if the punishment matched the crime and criminals knew the consequences‚ then people would have a fear
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behaviours. Biological theories such as positivist criminology‚ view criminal behaviour as the result of a defect in the individual. This defect can be biological or genetic in nature‚ and serves to separate the criminal from law-abiding citizen. Cesare Lombroso has been seen as the founder of modern criminology‚ introducing the positivist movement in the late nineteenth century and thus providing a more scientific approach to criminology. The positivist approach to researching and understanding criminality
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an approach which attempts to explain criminal actions not as an exercise of free will or of one ’s choosing‚ but rather as a consequence of multiple different internal and external. (http://psychologydictionary.org/positivist-criminology/) Cesare Lombroso (1835 – 1909)‚ an Italian criminologist views that criminals are born not made‚ and criminal an example of nature‚ not nurture. Focused on biological and psychological factors to explain criminal behavior‚ and studied cadavers of executed criminals
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can tell anyone what to do‚ for instance‚ not having to pay fines for speeding‚ but most of the time‚ it is not as excellent as one thinks it is. Enlightenment philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria and John Locke thought of several ways to improve how the government ruled to help conditions for the people. Beccaria argued that for a better government‚ a fair justice system is vital while Locke stated that everyone was born with inalienable natural rights. In Lord of the Flies‚ William Golding describes
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The two primary elements lacking from the boys’ island government are a proper punishment system and a separation of powers‚ which Beccaria and Montesquieu believed were vital in the creation of a successful government. William Golding clearly conveys the message that a well-established society always has a government which is effectively run by the people. He clearly shows many examples
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Classical School Classical theory in criminology has its roots in the theories of the 18th century Italian nobleman and economist‚ Cesare Beccaria and the English philosopher‚ Jeremy Bentham (Hollin‚ 2004‚ 2). It was based on principles of utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria‚ author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64)‚ Jeremy Bentham‚ inventor of the panopticon‚ and other classical school philosophers based their arguments as follows‚ (1) People have free will to choose how to act (2) Deterrence
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Crime is still a complex and misunderstood phenomenon with no concrete evidence when it comes to human behavior. Throughout time there have been endless amounts of crime theories‚ few of which revolve around biological explanations. We have Cesare Lombroso and the Positive School who thought that criminals were genetically different from the rest of the general population‚ that they were biologically aggressive‚ had criminal traits and/or born as criminals. There is also William Sheldon’s theory of
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