consumer packaged goods (CPG) are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. The term FMCGs refers to those retail goods that are generally replaced or fully used up over a short period of days‚ weeks‚ or months‚ and within one year. This contrasts with durable goods or major appliances such as kitchen appliances‚ which are generally replaced over a period of several years. FMCG have a short shelf life‚ either as a result of high consumer demand or because the product deteriorates
Premium Financial ratios Financial ratio
Runninghead: IP 1 Individual Project Unit 3 BUS305-0804A-07 Concentration Ratio Economists use concentration ratio to measure the degree of concentration in a market‚ computed as the percentage of the market output produced by the largest firms (O’Sullivan‚ Sheffrin‚ & Perez. 2008). One of predominantly concentration ratio used is the Four Firm Concentration Ratio. Four Firm Concentration Ratio isthe percentage of total output in a market produced by the four largest firms. In considering
Premium Economics Monopoly Oligopoly
Golden Ratio The theory of the Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano is extremely present today. While he was trying to sort out the number of rabbits that mated in a year‚ he discovered a series of numbers‚ that are profoundly consistent in man‚ nature & animals. This discovery was extraordinary‚ but he also found that the ratio always resulted in 1.618. Although it is called differently‚ this ratio is often called „the golden ratio“. It’s
Premium Parthenon Golden ratio Leonardo da Vinci
Have you ever wondered how industries are determined oligopolies or monopolies? In this paper I will discuss how concentration ratios are used to determine total market shares within four specific industries. I will also discuss the levels of competition within those industries and how oligopolies can benefit society. Case‚ Fare‚ and Oster defines concentration ratio as the share of industry output in sales or employment accounted for by the top firms (2009). They are used to measure
Premium Oligopoly Monopoly Economics
Ratio Analysis Memo Memorandum TO: Chief Executive Officer FROM: Accounting Department DATE: July 23‚ 2015 RE: Financial Statement Analysis and Findings 2008 The following memo will explain the findings of the financial statement analysis for 2008 for Berry’s Bug Blasters as well as offer advice significant decreases in profits or increases in liabilities if they apply. Some quick facts: Liquidity is up for 2008 Current ratio shows we pay assets 5.99 times for every current liability‚ an increase
Premium Asset Balance sheet Finance
PROFITABILITY RATIOS One of the most important measures of a company’s success is its profitability. However‚ individual figures shown in the income statement/profit and loss account for gross profit and net profit mean very little by themselves. When these profit figures are expressed as a percentage of sales‚ they are more useful. This percentage can then be compared with those of previous years‚ or with the percentages of other similar companies. Changes in the gross profit percentage ratio can be
Premium Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Marketing Profit
In this paper‚ we will consider two non-financial firms from different industries; they are Unilever Group and Rolls-Royce Holdings plc. In order to see the capital structure debt and equity ratios were calculated. According to calculations Unilever’s debt ratio is 32.49% and equity ratio is 67.51%. Rolls-Royce numbers are 16.81% and 83.19 % respectively. In both cases we see that firms prefer to use their own capital. We cannot tell with certainty why this structure was chosen‚ but we can look
Premium Finance Corporate finance
Efficiency Ratios The efficiency ratio is an indicator of how well Johnson and Johnson (J&J) is run on an organizational wide basis. Efficiency ratios are also defined as asset turnover ratios (Finkler‚ Kovner & Jones‚ 2007). The asset turnover ratio measures how productive J&J is in managing all of its assets to generate Sales. This efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing sales by total assets by total revenue. For year 2010‚ J&J had an asset turnover of 0.6. Comparing J&J’s
Premium Balance sheet Investment Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Investment Banker The importance of an investment banker is what they do. They are important because of the services they provide to the economy. They advise for financial transactions such as mergers and acquisitions for companies. When a corporation sells new securities to raise funds‚ the agent is responsible for finding buyers for these securities. The investment banker purchases securities from corporation and arranges immediate resell of these securities to the investors. For example‚ Merrill
Premium Finance Corporate finance Bank
Introduction of Ratio MEANING OF RATIO: A ratio is one figure express in terms of another figure. It is a mathematical yardstick that measures the relationship of two figures‚ which are related to each other and mutually interdependent. Ratio is express by dividing one figure by the other related figure. Thus a ratio is an expression relating one number to another. It is simply the quotient of two numbers. It can be expressed as a fraction or as a decimal or as a pure ratio or in absolute
Premium Financial ratios Financial ratio Generally Accepted Accounting Principles