Psychologists formally define learning as: A) a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience. The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called: C) conditioning. Essentially‚ classical conditioning is a process of learning: D) an association between two stimuli. If you shine a bright light directly into a person’s eye‚ the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov’s terminology‚ the
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An example of classical conditioning is when my puppy hears the sound of his treat bag. He knows that he has to go out outside and do his business before he gets a treat. This is how I am training him. He can be in the other room and as soon as he hears me grab and shake the bag‚ he comes running to the door. He only gets a treat when he finishes his business outside. The stimulus is when I shake the treat bag he knows in order to get a treat he has to go outside and do his business and the response
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Describe and evaluate behaviourism including 2 behavioural therapies The OED defines behaviourism as “the theory that human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning‚ without appeal to thoughts or feelings‚ and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns.” The behaviourist approach has roots in the philosophy of empiricism which is the view that all concepts originate in experience‚ i.e. all concepts are about or applicable to things that
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Personal Statement BACKGROUND: The dynamics of psychology affect our everyday life and behavior‚ which is what got me so interested in the subject . I have thoroughly enjoyed the subject‚ especially learning about conformity. It fascinates me as it portrays how strong peer pressure can be and I believe this is the main subject that deals with why we act the way we do. We conform everyday‚ offering a wide knowledge on behavior. It is this fascination that has makes psychology such a desirable subject
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Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs Ivan Pavlov‚ PsyD Saint Petersburg State University Abstract During the 1980’s a Russian psychologist‚ Ivan Pavlov used some dogs which he attached to a device to hold it in place. He also had a bell‚ dog treats‚ and a wall that hid Pavlov from the dog’s view. During the experiment Pavlov would ring the bell and present the dogs with food to determine the dogs conditioned responses. After a period‚ the dogs began to connect hearing the bell with the presence
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Question 2 Behavioural therapy focuses on human behaviour and is an action-based therapy that looks to eliminate unwanted or maladaptive behaviour. The goal is to help the individual learn new‚ positive behaviours which will minimise or eliminate the issue as it is believed that behaviour can be both learned and un-learned. (McLeod‚ 2010). The traditional behavioural therapy draws on two key principles‚ classical and operant conditioning paradigms of learnings and works best for mental health
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Operant conditioning can be portrayed as a procedure that endeavors to alter conduct using positive and negative support. Through operant conditioning‚ an individual makes a relationship between a specific conduct and an outcome. Positive reinforcement happens when a conduct is fortified because of getting a positive condition. With positive reinforcement‚ someone does something and gets a good reaction which makes them continue to do it more. Negative reinforcement happens when a conduct is reinforced
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The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is an extensively used intrapersonal theory. Developed by Icek Ajzen in 1985‚ the Theory of Planned Behavior has been previously used with many health education programs. The overall goal of the Theory of Planned Behavior is to determine the underlying factors that lead people to make decisions with regards to a certain health behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior is an extension of the Theory of Reasoned action (TRA)‚ taking the TRA and addressing the issue
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Behavioural Interventions/Techniques Behavioural interventions and techniques aim to reduce problematic behaviours and impart practical alternative behaviours using the simple principles of behaviour change. These approaches are based on behavioural/operant principles of learning; they consist of examining the antecedents that prompt a particular behaviour and the consequences that follow it‚ and then making alterations in this series to increase desired behaviours or reduce inappropriate ones. Behavioural
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The other four perspectives are behavioral perspective‚ social structural perspective‚ cognitive perspective‚ and evolutionary perspective. First‚ the behavioral perspective assumes that human behavior can be explained through observable‚ verifiable behaviors‚ rather than people’s thoughts. It argues that if a behavior is followed by something favorable or by removal of something unpleasant‚ the behavior is more likely to occur. Stimulus induces response‚ and reinforcement makes it more likely for
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