Pellucid Marginal Degeneration is a rare corneal ectatic disorder(PMC). This bilateral‚ non-hereditary ‚ idiopathic disorder is characterized by irregular astigmatism(Collagen cross-linking in the treatment of pellucid marginal degeneration)and thinning of the peripheral cornea in absence of inflammation‚ often affecting the inferior quadrant in a crescentic fashion. The disorder includes an area of corneal protrusion above the point of maximal thinning. This is the hallmark of the disorder and is
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Activity based costing in manufacturing: two case studies on implementation The Authors Amrik S. Sohal‚ Department of Management‚ Monash University‚ Australia Walter W.C. Chung‚ Department of Manufacturing Engineering‚ Hong Kong Polytechnic University‚ Hong Kong Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Financial Controller at MelCo and to Mr Richard Siu‚ now Deputy General Manager of Ciba Specialty Chemicals (China) Ltd. They are also thankful to the Hong Kong Government Industry
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the major threats to an airline industry. Competitive advantage therefore can be achieved by establishing cost leadership. The ultimate challenge faced by any company would be to leverage between the escalating operational costs and falling revenues so as to maximise the profits. Determine the costing procedure of an airline industry and the various possible efforts it takes to reduce the costs. The airline industry employs a trend and horizontal analysis to evaluate its performance and productivity
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Cleaning‚ Disinfection‚ and Sterilization of Medical Equipment Cleaning‚ Disinfection‚ and Sterilization of Medical Equipment Introduction Medical equipments and surgical instruments are examples of devices that are essential to the care of patients; however‚ because they typically are designed for reuse‚ they also can transmit pathogens if any of the steps involved in reprocessing‚ cleaning‚ disinfection‚ or sterilization are inadequate or experience failures. Because the vast majority of pathogens
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INTRODUCTION T O COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS In the Affair of so much Importance to you‚ wherein you ask my Advice‚ I cannot for want of sufficient Premises‚ advise you what to determine‚ but if you please I will tell you how. When those difficult Cases occur‚ they are difficult‚ chiefly because while we have them under Consideration‚ all the Reasons pro and con are not present to the Mind at the same time; but sometimes one Set present themselves‚ and at other times another‚ the first being out
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Ronald Coase noted‚“The cost of doing anything consists of the receipts that could have been obtained if that particular decision had not been taken.” For example‚ the opportunity set for this Friday night includes the movies‚ a concert‚ staying home and studying‚ staying home and watching television‚ inviting friends over‚ and so forth. The opportunity cost of taking job A included the forgone salary of $102‚000 plus the $5‚000 of intangibles from job B. Opportunity cost is the sacrifice of
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Product Costing Module in ERP for L&T Kansbahal Works‚ Kansbhal‚ Orissa : A Case Study 1 Seema G. Bhol‚ 2Arun Mishra & 3Srikanta Patnaik Sambalpur University‚ Burla‚ Orissa‚ India‚ 2Head (IT Services)‚ L&T‚ Kansbhal‚ Orissa‚ India‚ 3 Department of Computer Science ITER ‚ SOA University ‚ Bhubaneswar‚ Orissa‚ India E-mail : guptaseema@hotmail.com‚ arun-kbl@kbl.ltindia.com‚ patnaik_srikanta@yahoo.co.in 1 Abstract - One need to be very accurate in what the products and services are costing. Inaccurate
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moderately high level of income inequality within the economy. The benefits of income inequality may be that it encourages the labour force to increase education and skill levels and it also encourages the labour force to work longer and harder. Some of the economic costs of inequality may be that inequality reduces overall utility and it can reduce economic growth. Subsequently there are mainly economic benefits of inequality‚ but social costs are involved. Whilst theory suggests that greater growth may
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1a) Activity based costing is a relatively new type of procedure that can be used as an inventory valuation method. The technique was developed to provide more accurate product costs. This improved accuracy is accomplished by tracing costs to products through activities. In other words‚ costs are traced to activities (activity costing) and then these costs are traced‚ in a second stage‚ to the products that use the activities. Another way to express the idea is to say that activities consume resources
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should not occur under efficient operating conditions absorption costing all manufacturing costs are assigned to products: direct material‚ direct labour‚ variable and fixed manufacturing overhead acceptable quality level (AQL) the defect rate at which total quality costs are minimised account classification method (or account analysis) the process in which managers use their judgement to classify costs as fixed‚ variable or semivariable costs accounting rate of return (or simple rate of return‚ rate of
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