FIELD DEFINITION HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT KEY CONTRIBUTORS PRINCIPAL ISSUES Epistemology the theory of knowledge‚ is the branch of philosophy concerned with these questions a. Schools of thought and historical development 1) Skeptics a) Ancient (1) Pyrrho of Elis (2) Sextus Empiricus b) Medieval (1) St. Augustine 2) Rationalists a) Ancient (1) Plato b) Medieval (1) St. Anselm (2) St. Augustine c) Modern (1) Descartes (2) Leibniz (3) Spinoza 3) Empiricists
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Public Offender Units REHB3062 Public Offenders Criminality and Rehab. REHB5068 Public Offenders and rehabilitation Module 1 topic 2 Module Content 1. Classical Criminal Theory 2. Rational Choice or Displacement theory Traditional Classical Theory For an introduction to traditional classical theory see chapter 1 by Piers Beirne in Cornish and Clarke. This approach founded by the Famous 18th/19th century criminologist/scientist Cesare Beccaria is that which underlies our common
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• Lecture 03: • Ethics & Social Responsibility Tutor: KW CHING kwching@ntu.edu.sg kwching@singnet.com.sg The environment creates uncertainty for managers Managers must respond and design adaptive organizations Uncertainty – managers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes 2 Management as an Integrating Activity Individuals – Organization – Environment Environment (Forces) Organization (Design ) Individuals
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priority is given to the fundamental principles (Thompson et.al 2000;364) Utilitarianism is an act which is right when it promotes happiness and is wrong when it promotes unhappiness. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was the founder of this theory and John Mill (1706-1873) became the advocate. John Bentham (1748-1832) believed that pain and pleasure not only explain our actions but also help us to define what is good and moral. According to Bentham’s hedonistic‚ utilitarianism states that we should
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of Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) 5 II) Introduction to the main idea of Utilitarianism: A) The Principle of Utility (J. Bentham) “By the Principle of Utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever‚ according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness to the party whose interest is in question” (The Principles of Morals and Legislation‚ J. Bentham) + The principle is for the
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In his concept of the panopticon‚ Foucault adopted Jeremy Bentham’s prison design as a metaphor for modern disciplinary power. According to Foucault‚ discipline is invoked through an individual’s consciousness of permanent visibility and surveillance‚ resulting in compliant and self-policing behaviours as if constantly being watched (Nettleton‚ 1997). Engrained in this concept is Foucault’s notion of discourse‚ where he asserts that power is fabricated through language and practices‚ acting as leverage
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that are universalizable. Each have their own grounding. Jeremy Bentham the father utilitarianism‚ founded on the physiological fact that “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters‚ pain and pleasure.” (Bentham‚ “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” 1.1). (Even Bentham agrees that we are inherently faulty‚ as he says “...the rarest of all human qualities is consistency” (Bentham‚ “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” 1
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Animal testing is a practice that helps new discoveries in the fields of science and health sciences. However‚ it has been laid on top of a hidden‚ dark torture chamber. The reckless torture of animals involved is abysmal. The theme of the essay is to point out that animals and humans share the same fate during torture and humans should start treating animals with the respect they deserve and give them the freedom they are destined to enjoy. Even though animal testing has so many advantages‚ this
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UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This essay is going to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic principles- natural law and legal positivism. According to Hume‚ there are two realms of human enquiry ‚ one in the field of facts which is concerned with what ‘ is ‘ actually the case and the other in the field of ‘ought’ that is‚ what ought to
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School Classical theory in criminology has its roots in the theories of the 18th century Italian nobleman and economist‚ Cesare Beccaria and the English philosopher‚ Jeremy Bentham (Hollin‚ 2004‚ 2). It was based on principles of utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria‚ author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64)‚ Jeremy Bentham‚ inventor of the panopticon‚ and other classical school philosophers based their arguments as follows‚ (1) People have free will to choose how to act (2) Deterrence is
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