Fire alarm circuit ABSTRACT Here is a simple fire alarm circuit based on a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and lamp pair for sensing the fire. The alarm works by sensing the smoke produced during fire. The circuit produces an audible alarm when the fire breaks out with smoke. When there is no smoke the light from the bulb will be directly falling on the LDR. The LDR resistance will be low and so the voltage across it (below 0.6V). The transistor will be OFF and nothing happens. When there is sufficient
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Aero2 Signals & Systems (Part 2) Notes on BJT and transistor circuits Bipolar Junction Transistors • Physical Structure & Symbols • NPN n-type Emitter region p-type Base region n-type Collector region C Collector (C) B E (b) Emitter (E) Emitter-base junction (EBJ) Base (B) (a) Collector-base junction (CBJ) • PNP - similar‚ but: • N- and P-type regions interchanged • Arrow on symbol reversed • Operating Modes Operating mode Cut-off Active Saturation Reverse-active EBJ Reverse
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are control circuits to represent. If we wanted to draw a simple ladder diagram showing a lamp that is controlled by a hand switch‚ it would look like this: The "L1" and "L2" designations refer to the two poles of a 120 VAC supply‚ unless otherwise noted. L1 is the "hot" conductor‚ and L2 is the grounded ("neutral") conductor. These designations have nothing to do with inductors‚ just to make things confusing. The actual transformer or generator supplying power to this circuit is omitted
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Differentiator and Integrator Circuits Submittal Date: 6/11/2014 Objectives: 1. To demonstrate the operation of a differentiator 2. To demonstrate the operation of an integrator Results: The differentiator circuit caused the cosine wave to output a sine wave and a triangle wave to output a square wave. The Integrator circuit caused the sine wave to become a cosine wave and the square wave into a triangle wave. Conclusions: The differentiator circuit differentiates the wave
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Questions and Problems: 1. Describe the type of meter movement used in analog meters. The current in the circuit is used in basic meters to measure the voltage drop or current in the circuit. The current passes through the coils of wires‚ which is then magnetized. Inside the apparatus‚ there is also a permanent magnet which opposes the magnetic field of the magnetized coil of wire that is connected to the pointer therefore‚ as we see in meters‚ the pointer moves. There is also a spring connected
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"The History of the Integrated Circuit" In today’s world integrated circuits are everywhere we turn. Many of them you will find in computers. For example the microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer. It keeps track of what keys are pressed and if the mouse has been moved. It counts numbers and runs programs‚ games and the operating system. Chip production today is based on photolithography. In photolithography a high energy is shone through a mask
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ECE348 Circuit Debugging Tips These guidelines may be useful to you if your circuits are not working as planned: Check the Microcontroller Control Register Settings Sometimes you have to configure multiple control settings before you can enable a pin for a particular purpose (input‚ output‚ A/D conversion‚ etc). Section 2.3.2 of the MCU datasheet describes the control registers related to various ports. Sometimes you may have to look in other parts of the datasheet (for example‚ the A/D section)
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CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 3 AC Circuit Analysis 3.1 Introduction The steady-state behavior of circuits energized by sinusoidal sources is an important area of study for several reasons. First‚ the generation‚ transmission‚ distribution‚ and consumption of electric energy occur under essentially sinusoidal steady-state conditions. Second‚ an understanding of sinusoidal behavior makes possible the prediction of circuit behavior when nonsinusoidal sources are used through the use of techniques
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the Norton’s theorem. EQUIPMENT Resistor 100Ω‚ 1kΩ and 4.7kΩ‚ digital multimeter(DVM)‚ bread board. INTRODUCTION Some circuits require more than one voltage source. Superposition theorem is a way to determine currents and voltages in a linear circuit that has multiple sources by taking one source at a time. the current in any given branch of a multiple-source linear circuit can be found by determining the currents in that particular branch produced by each source acting alone‚ with all other sources
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ELTR 2110 Analogue Communications: Module 1 Practice Test 1. A technique for resolving complex repetitive waveforms into sine or cosine waves and a dc component is known as: a) Harmonic Analysis b) Armstrong’s Principle c) Fourier Analysis d) Frequency Analysis Answer: c 2. The statement "information is proportional to bandwidth" is known as: a) Simpson Rule b) Shannon’s Law. c) Fourier’s Law. d) Hartley’s Law Answer: d 3. Given that a
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