Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focused on the affect of the surroundings‚ namely the culture‚ peers‚ and adults‚ on the developing child. Vygotsky proposed the “zone of proximal development” (ZPD) to explain the influence of the cultural context. ZPD refers to the range of tasks which a child cannot finish alone since they are too difficult‚ but such tasks can be completed with guidance and aid from more-skilled individuals. The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill that the children can reach
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BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS Heredity Heredity refers to the process of transmitting genetic characteristics from parents to offspring. Physical traits and even physical defects are known to be hereditary. Also‚ some mental traits and mental defects are known to be hereditary. (http://www.slideshare.net/GenPsyche/biological-bases) Nature and Nurture Both nature and nurture affects all aspects of human behaviour. “Nature refers to all the evolutionary factors that have shaped the genetics that we have
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SAQ OUTLINE: Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior. • Definition: Stereotypes assign similar characteristics to all members of a group‚ despite the fact that the group members may vary widely from one another. • Characteristics: • social-cognitive theories: • our social world is very complex and presents us with too much information • since our capacity to process information is limited‚ there is a need to simplify our social way • one of the way to avoid information
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Microevolutionary Process Notes 1) Natural selection works on individuals 2) Individuals do not evolve‚ populations do Insecticide application didn’t result in insecticide resistance: some insects carry trait of resistance in their genes Processes in Microevolution -Mutation -Non-random mating -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection -Gene Flow Hardy-Weinburg Theorem: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes are preserved from generation to generation in populations that are not evolving -p2 + 2pq
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Biological‚ psychological‚ and sociological theories of crime all seek to determine why individuals commit crime. Biological theorists link crime to physical and/or mental traits of an individual. Psychological theorists link crime to influences of individual and family factors‚ such as events that take place during childhood that have an impact on an individual during adulthood. Sociological theorists link crime to an individual’s social environment‚ such as family and economic status
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constructed; there are also a lot of biological and genetic factors that contribute. Two biological factors that affect our gender roles are our genes and hormones. When a baby is first conceived it is genderless for the first seven weeks of development and‚ since there is no gender‚ the development for males and females during this period is identical. At seven weeks when the sperm and egg combine to form the zygote‚ the genes activate the babies’ biological sex. Everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes
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Chapter 15: Historical Research Answers to Review Questions 15.1. Define historical research. Historical research is the type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what has happened in the past. 15.2. Why would a person want to conduct historical research? Historical research is conducted to • Uncover the unknown‚ • Answer questions‚ • Identify the relationship that the past has to the present‚ • Record
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The current evolutionary model has all forms of life originating from one original single celled microbial organism. The transition from microbes to life took roughly 3 billion years. The transition is rather intriguing as cells go from individual organisms into one large codependent ones that work together to ensure survival. Yet despite the difficulty to make that leap‚ many different organisms have made it successfully. Dr. Ratcliff wanted to study this very transition. In order to study
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The main form of biological therapy for schizophrenia is drug therapy. Some drugs are more effective at reducing the positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucination than negative symptoms such as lack of motivation and social withdrawal. There are two main categories of drugs‚ neuroleptic drugs and atypical drugs. Neuroleptic drugs such as Prolixin are conventional drugs that reduce psychotic symptoms but produce some of the symptoms of neurological diseases. These drugs block the activity
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Biological Approach to Depression The biological approach is based on the idea that depression has a physical or organic cause. One explanation suggests that some people are simply more genetically inclined to develop depression‚ as Hecimovic suggested that it was caused by a mutation in the 5-HTT gene‚ which was responsible for coding for serotonin production‚ and that this mutation is inherited. Family studies‚ twin studies and adoption studies have all helped support the role of genetics in
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