The Excretory System • Main functions of the excretory system are: o to concentrate wastes and expel them from the body o to regulate fluids and water within the body • Most metabolic wastes and toxins are dissolved in the body’s internal environment‚ so the maintenance of the body fluids is essential for keeping the body free of waste products enabling it to function properly. Excretion in Invertebrates and Non-mammaliam Vertebrates • Single celled organisms and simple multicellular
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1. Plant Nutrition Nine macronutrients of plants: C‚ H‚ N‚ O‚ P‚ S‚ K‚ Ca‚ Mg Components of soil: Horizon a (topsoil): humus‚ leaf litter‚ decaying matter Horizon b (middle): minerals but no humus Horizon c (bottom): rock Most common nutrient deficiencies: N‚ P‚ K 2. Transport of Water and Minerals in Xylem Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Plant cells include: cell wall‚ plasma membrane‚ nucleus‚ chloroplasts and central vacuole Soil to root Water is absorbed
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is injected directly into the cavity of the womb (uterus). The treatment is usually coupled with ovarian stimulation drugs | 1. Tablets given to delay period 2. Clomiphene+ gondatrophin 3. Monitoring scanning 4. Further injection(HCG) 5. Sperm 6. Insemination | 1. Very small risk 2. | 1. Risk of ovarian hyper stimulation (OHSS) 2. Multiple pregnancy | Invitro fertilisation | IVF may be necessary for a number of different reasons:• Blockage‚ damage or absence of the
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Circulatory systems Closed circulatory systems: • Blood leaves heart under pressure to arteries then arterioles then capillaries. • Capillaries come in large numbers. They exchange substances between the blood and cells. • After passing through capillaries‚ blood goes back to the heart via veins. • Valves in the veins ensure that blood only flows in one direction. Single circulatory system: • Heart pumps deoxygenated blood. • Gaseous exchange (diffusion of CO2 from blood to H2O and diffusion
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10.1.3 CROSSING OVER Outline the process of crossing over in : Meiosis 1: • Prophase I - homologous chromosomes are paired up tightly into tetrads‚ then crossing over‚ the exchange of genetic material between the DNA in these tetrads occurs‚ forming a chiasmata‚ an x-shaped structure. • Metaphase I - paired chromosomes line up along the equator of a cell‚ the metaphase plate as the spindle microtubulue apparatus pulls them. • Anaphase I - The spindle microtubules pull homologous chromosomes
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Introduction: * Genetics are composed of five main areas: DNA replication‚ meiosis‚ reproduction‚ adaptation and evolution. The body is composed of 46 chromosomes (23 from your mother and 23 of your father). The genes are in your cells in the nucleus and some in the mitochondria. The genes are a small part of a long molecule called DNA. DNA is a double stranded molecule (sugar‚ phosphate and four different bases: Adenine‚ Thymine‚ Cytosine and Guanine). The bases in the DNA are
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Name: Mugabe Rodrigue Class: Grade 11B Subject: Biology Topic: DNA Extraction From Onion Date: 20/1/2014 Introduction: DNA‚ or deoxyribonucleic acid‚ is the hereditary material in organisms. Nearly every cell in an organism has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus.The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A)‚ guanine (G)‚ cytosine (C)‚ and thymine (T). The order‚ or sequence‚ of these bases determines the information available for
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1. The benefits of breastfeeding for the infant it provides the appropriate composition and balance of nutrients with high biovailability‚ provides hormones that promote physiological development‚ improves cognitive development‚ protects against a variety of infections‚ may protect against same chronic diseases such as diabetes (both types)‚obesity‚ asthma later in life‚ and protects against food allergies. For the mother it contracts the uterus‚ delays the return of regular ovulation‚ conserves
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equilibrium 3. shape determines specificity 4. the process a. b. c. d. B. Conditions that affect enzymes 1. substrate amount 2. enzyme amount 3. temperature 4. pH 5. helpers 6. effectors 7. cooperativity C. Metabolism Control: Concept 8.5 In an enzymatic pathway‚ A‚ B‚ C‚ and D are chemical compounds and 1‚ 2‚ and 3 are enzymes that catalyze the designated reactions in a Shoe Factory:
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What Shapes an Ecosystem? Ecosystems are made up of: * Biotic factors- all living parts of an ecosystem (plants‚ animals‚ bacteria) * Abiotic factors- all nonliving (but natural) parts of an ecosystem (soil‚ wind‚ water) These factors together (biotic and abiotic) determine which types of organisms can live in that particular ecosystem. A habitat- the place where an organism lives- includes both biotic and abiotic factors A niche includes both the habitat of an organism and its unique
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