chemicals before use. Abide by specific warnings and directions. 3. Collect all materials needed for a procedure before proceeding. 4. Perform reactions under the hood when directed. Chemicals may be weighed and prepared at balance or lab tables‚ but tests should be carried out under the hood. 5.Acids and caustic chemicals are stored in the hood. Please do not take these chemicals from the hood. Procedure: PART 1: Metathetical reactions Precipitation reactions A1. Add a
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Organic Chemistry II Lab 9 Fermentation of a Carbohydrate: Ethanol from Sucrose * Introduction Ethanol is one of the oldest alcohols and also the least toxic one. Industrially‚ ethanol is made most economically by hydration of ethylene. However‚ ethanol that is intended for human consumption must‚ by law‚ be prepared by fermentation. By either method‚ ethanol‚ of course‚ has the same formula‚ structure‚ and properties. The fermentation takes place with the assistance of enzymes from yeast
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unique and prepares it to mix with a certain substrate. Without enzymes‚ the process of metabolism would be hopelessly slow. The reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to the enzyme ’s substrate. The enzyme will combine with or to its substrate. While the two are joined‚ the substrate is converted to its product by catalytic action of the enzyme. There is an active site of the enzyme molecule which is a restricted region that actually attaches to the substrate. Usually the active site is formed by only
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between the two extremes. The SN2 reaction occurs in a single step. The nucleophile simultaneously attaches to the substrate as the leaving group leaves. The reaction displays second-order kinetics; its rate is proportional to the concentrations of the both the substrate and the nucleophile. In a SN1 reaction‚ the first step is departure of the leaving group from the substrate to form a carbocation(rate-determing); the second step the carbocation rapidly attacked by a nucleophile.
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investigated the effect different salt concentrations have on the enzyme activity. Serial dilutions were performed to prepare a lactase solution as well as twenty percent‚ fifteen percent‚ and five percent concentrations of NaCl. Three different treatments of ortho-nitro-phenyl-galactoside‚ lactase‚ and perspective salt concentrations were prepared in cuvettes where the reaction would be observed and recorded from a spectrophotometer. Larger concentrations of salt adversely effect the reaction activity
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Effects of Alcohol‚ Caffeine‚ and Temperature on the Heart Rate of Daphnia magna Joseph Ezra Gallo BY124L MW 8:30-11:30 Introduction Ectothermic animals are animals whose body temperature is affected by their surroundings. This means that if the environment is cold the animal will be cold. If the environment is warm the animal will be warm. This is because the animal doesn’t have the capability of regulating its body systems to keep a constant body temperature. When an ectothermic animal is
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Effect of Substrate Concentration on Catalase Aim: An experiment to find out how the concentration of hydrogen peroxide affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase. Background Information: Enzymes such as catalase are globular protein molecules with catalytic properties. A catalyst is a substrate which can alter the rate of reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change. As they are not changed
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Yeast Lab Report Guidelines 1. Lab reports are to be computer-generated and double-spaced. All sections of the report must be written in paragraph form. 2. Do not use encyclopedias (Internet or otherwise)‚ dictionaries ((Internet or otherwise)‚ or personal web pages as sources for the report‚ this includes Wikipedia. You may use a textbook‚ lab manual‚ and/or article(s) in a published journal. You can find journal articles by going to the library website: http://www.lib.clemson.edu/ and selecting
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Abstract: This report presents the reason why the ocean does not freeze in the winter. Since the ocean consists of salt water‚ an experiment was done to test the effect of freezing on salt water compared to pure water. The experiment was conducted three times in order to obtain accurate results and eliminate errors. In addition to the salt and pure water experiment‚ a variation of this experiment was created to test other options. In the variation experiment the effect of freezing on sugar water
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AP Biology August 23‚ 2012 Egg Osmosis Lab Definition of osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentrations Hypothesis: If I place an egg in vinegar‚ then the outer layer of the egg is going to become slimy and look like rubber. It will also become larger and bubbles will form on and around the egg. Hypothesis: If I place an egg in corn syrup‚ then the egg will become small and the outer layer will not look like rubber any longer. Day one:
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