31.1 NOTES Before the 1800s‚ people thought that illnesses were caused by spirits. Around 1850‚ however‚ that all changed with the developments that were made by three scientists. Their work provided evidence that disease is caused by germs. • In 1857‚ Louis Pasteur came up with germ theory‚ which states that diseases are caused be small‚ physical particles and not spirits. These disease-causing particles are called pathogens. Around 1865‚ Joseph Lister found that cleaning his surgical tools
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Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide Diversity Taxonomic Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy From most general to most specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology Form and shape It is simple but there are natural variations in population Biology
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Aquatic Adaptation Aquatic plants - also called hydrophytic plants orhydrophytes - are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments. -One of the main problems facing submerged aquatic plants is their inability to obtain oxygen. Unlike terrestrial plants‚ these plants cannot obtain the vital gas through their stomata because they are submerged in water. -Therefore‚ the stems‚ roots‚ and leaves of submerged aquatic plants posses aerenchyma cells‚ which supply oxygen to the rest of
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BIO 101 Lecture Notes for Respiration‚ Fermentation‚ and Photosynthesis Respiration During aerobic respiration‚ glucose is completely oxidized (all H’s removed) leaving CO2 as an endproduct. The H’s are taken by coenzymes (NAD and FAD) to the electron transport chain. There the energy is drained from the hydrogen electrons and the energy is used to make ATP. The H’s are ultimately accepted by O2 to make H2O as an endproduct. Respiration occurs in three major stages: 1) Glycolysis
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Task one A). How do living things interact? Living things find a way to live off the land. Not with artificial flavouring or stuff like that. But it may not last unless we take good care of it. Living things interact by: 1). Viruses Learn about viruses and their surroundings‚ and how they are created. What is a Virus A virus s a small‚ NONLIVING particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. Viruses are considered nonliving because they are not cells. They cannot: * use energy
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Sphincter-they BOTH prevent the flowback of the food but each one of them performs a very important function. (Their functions can be seen in the Biology Textbook) 2 PHASES OF DIGESTION: CHEMICAL PHASE AND MECHANICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION under the MECHANICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION: we have Swallowing and chewing under the CHEMICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION: please refer to your Biology textbook *EGESTION(hndi ko lng sure kung ENGESTION or EGESTION s spelling)-opposite of ingestion‚ Egestion is the discharge or expulsion
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Biol GOD Notes. First Edition 1 L. Leong 2012 Chapter 1: Molecules of Life Cell Theory ∝ All living things are composed of cells and the products of cells ∝ Cells are the basic functional unit of life ∝ All cells arise from pre-existing cells Living Things Unicellular: consisting of one cell Multicellular: composed of many cells ∝ All living things: grow and develop‚ regulate metabolic processes‚ move‚ respond to stimuli‚ reproduce AUTOTROPHS: manufacture their own organic carbon compounds
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2.3.1 Organelle Structure and function nucleus enclosed in double membrane with pores contains chromosomes with genes made of DNA to control protein synthesis ribosomes made of RNA and protein free in cytoplasm or attached to RER site of protein synthesis rough endoplasmic reticulum interconnected sacs with ribosomes attached transport proteins to other parts of cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of lipids and steroids mitochondria double
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Control (a) state that genes code for polypeptides‚ including enzymes; (b) explain the meaning of the term genetic code; The sequence of the bases on a gene is a code with instructions for the construction of proteins. It has a number of characteristics: It is a triplet code- three bases code of an amino acid It is a degenerate code- All amino acids bar one have more than one code Some codes don’t code for amino acids but are ‘stop’ codons- they indicate the end of the polypeptide chain
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AFP Lecture Notes-Prof Mandelbaum CW=Cold War Sep. 19 Lec 2朝鲜战争的影响 Korea war-a major war by post WWII standards‚ conflicts the US engaged in also important on its Euro impact on US CW policy-three influences: 1.It spreaded CW to Asia Until the Korea War‚ AFP has been Euro-centered. During WWII‚ US followd a Euro-first policy. (1942 and 1945) Policymakers believe this is the place USSR threatened America. Also it is the major US economic initiative-the Marshall plan. The trigger area
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