Cell Structure I. Cell History A. Anton Leewenhock (1600s) - first person to observe cells - in pond water‚ using a homemade microscope B. Robert Hooke (1665) - observed many kinds of animal tissue under a microscope - concludes that all animals are made up of cells C. Schwann (1868) - observed many kinds of animal tissue - concludes that all animals are made up of cells D. Schleiden (1869) - observed many kinds of plant tissue - concludes that all plants are made up of cells E. Cell
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Chapter 6 Explain what free energy is and how it can be used to predict the energetic outcome of chemical reactions.Free energy is defined as the energy available to do work in any system. The free energy is denoted by the symbol G. G = H – TS* H: the energy contained in a molecule’s chemical bonds‚ called enthalpy.* TS: the energy term related to the degree of disorder in the system. T is the absolute temperature (K)‚ and S is the entropy.We can use the change in free energy to predict whether
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Biology- cell organelles assignment Animal cells: Introduction: An animal cell is called a eukaryotic cell; it has a cell membrane‚ cytoplasm and a nucleus. The cell surface is covered by a membrane only. The cell membrane is strong and keeps the cell together even though it is thin and flexible. The cell membrane also controls what goes in and out of the cell e.g. nutrients go in and waste comes out. The cytoplasm is inside the nucleus and it controls the cells activities. An animal is
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when chemical bonds in food molecules are broken. Energy is measured in a unit called a calorie‚ the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. Fats store more energy per gram than do carbohydrates and proteins. Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen. Cellular respiration captures the energy from food in three main stages: • glycolysis • the Krebs cycle •
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into the cells to absorbs nutrients -One fungus makes traps for nematode worms while another fungus has sticky knobs to hold them in place while hyphae penetrate into nematode worm’s body with digestive enzyme and extracellular digestion takes place. -Protoza does intracellular digestion by initially absorbing the food using endocytosis or phagocytosis. The plasma membrane surrounds the food and ingests it. Then it moves the compound to lysosome to break it down. - white blood cells also use phagocytosis
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version each gene Cell nucleus Cytoplasm (Site of transcription/Translation) Splicing Small 30s and large 50s subunit 40s & 60s Subunit region of genes that code for proteins are called exons non coding called introns Cells are made up of molecules‚ which are made up of atoms (smallest units of matter). When atoms are joined together by hydrogen bonds they are molecules. (Hold DNA together) DNA Replication Said to be semiconservative In bacteria DNA replication proceeds
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BIOLOGY 1101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (1-24) Reproduction Male Reproduction - Testis = where sperm cells are made (in tubuoles) and then are housed/enclosed in the scrotal sack o The Inguenal Canal is the muscle that allows the testis to drop (occurs about 1yr old) - The tubuoles merge to form the Epididymus at the top of the testes…this is where sperm are stored - Seminiferous Tubuoles = all the coils in the balls…all of these eventually lead to the epididymus - After sperm is
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DNA- is the material found in the nucleus that contains the genetic info. 4 billion codes in length Gene- a segment of DNA that controls a certain protein production. A gene is made up of hundreds to thousands of codes. Chromosomes- genetic material that is coiled up into structures during cell division. Importance of DNA- genes control the production of proteins..(look like‚ body function‚ body communications‚ and enzyme control) DNA screening- the process of testing individuals to determine
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1 Study Guide for Lectures 8/24‚ 8/26‚ 8/31‚ and 9/2 Note: It is highly suggested that you reference the figures/figure legends shown in class to further help you understand class material. The Genome Project (~92% complete): • 20‚000-28‚000 genes in the human genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs? 80‚000-120‚000 proteins in a cell. 200‚000-2
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Extracting DNA from Wheat Germ Cells Criteria to be assessed CE Introduction: DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is found in the nucleus of every cell & it stores the information that makes up living organisms. It is a double helix of 4 nucleotides. It contains a code that allows the body to make up proteins. The nucleotides are Cytosine‚ Guanine‚ Adenine and Thymine. (1) Wheat germ comes from wheat seeds. The ’ germ ’ is the embryo‚ which is the part of
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