Physical and Materials Constants Boltzmann ’s constant Electron charge Thermal voltage k q kT/q 1.38 x 10-23 1.6 x 10-19 0.026 (at T= 300 K) 1.12 (at T = 300 K) J/K C V Energy gap of silicon (Si) Eg eV Intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon (Si) ni 1.45 x 1010 (at T = 300 K) cm73 Dielectric constant of vacuum Dielectric constant of silicon (Si) Dielectric constant of silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) 60 8.85 x 10-14 F/cm ESi 11.7 x O F/cm 6.x 3.97 x EO F/cm Commonly Used Prefixes
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Power Electronics * The control and conversion of electrical power by power semiconductor devices (wherein these devices operate as switches) * To control and convert electrical power from one form to another * Power range: from a few VA/Watts to several MVA / MW * The primary task of power electronics is to process and control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads. Interdisciplinary Nature of Power
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Table of Contents List of tables 3 List of Figures 4 1Introduction 5 2 Circuit diagram 6 3 Circuit components 7 3.1 LDR 7 3.2 Resistors 8 3.2.1 Color code 8 3.3 IR LED 9 3.4 LED 11 3.5 OP-AMP 12 3.5.1 OP AMP LM 324 13 3.6 Transistor 15 3.6.1 Transistor 2N2222 15 3.7 SCR 16 3.7.1 SCR C106MG 18 C106MG 19 3.8V Battery 19 3.9 Photo diode 20 Principle of operation 21 3.9.1 IR Photo diode 21 3.10 Switches 22 3.11 Buzzer 23 3.11.1Mechanical buzzer 24 3.11.2 Electromechanical buzzer 24 3.11.3 Piezo buzzer
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Series-Connected Diodes‚ Parallel-Connected Diodes. 2. THYRISTORS Introduction‚ Thyristor Characteristics‚ Two-Transistor Model Of Thyristor‚ Thyristor Turn-On‚ Di/Dt Protection‚ Dv/Dt Protection‚ Thyristor Turn-Off‚ Thyristor Types‚ Series Operation Of Thyristors‚ Parallel Operation Of Thyristors‚ Thyristor Firing Circuits‚ Unijunction Transistor‚ Programmable Unijunction Transistor 3. CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS Introduction‚ Principle Of Phase-Controlled Converter Operation‚ Single-Phase Semiconverters
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Data Sheet February 10‚ 2005 FN957.9 4.5MHz‚ BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET Input/Bipolar Output The CA3140A and CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that combine the advantages of high voltage PMOS transistors with high voltage bipolar transistors on a single monolithic chip. The CA3140A and CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate protected MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very high input impedance‚ very low input current‚ and high speed
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IEEE Report on Advanced Sensors EC Department‚ GTU Gaurav Maniar‚ Karan Raithatha gaurav019@facebook.com karan.raithatha@gmail.com DIET‚ INDIA Abstract – This report explains different commonly used six advanced autonomous sensors. It also describes their working‚ application and uses. I. INTRODUCTION Simple stand alone electronic circuits can be made to repeatedly flash a light or play a musical note‚ but in order for an electronic circuit or system to perform any useful task or function
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Electromechanical components. Physical Electronics‚ Electron Devices and ICs Electrons and holes in semiconductors‚ Carrier Statistics‚ Mechanism of current flow in a semiconductor‚ Hall effect; Junction theory; Different types of diodes and their characteristics; Bipolar Junction transistor; Field effect transistors; Power switching devices like SCRs‚ GTOs‚ power
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1:Fm transmitter circuit design 2. Figure 5.1: LIST OF TABLES 1. Table 1: List of components ABSTRACT This project explains the design and construction of a simple FM transmitter. The transmitter is made from identical discrete bipolar junction transistors. Continuous tuning is achieved with a variable capacitor. The designed tuning range was 88MHz to 108MHz. The transmitter can transmit audio signal on a 91.7MHz carrier over a distance of 300meters in open air. INTRODUCTION Frequency modulation
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History of computing hardware The history of computing hardware is the record of the constant drive to make computer hardware faster‚ cheaper‚ and store more data. Before the development of the general-purpose computer‚ most calculations were done by humans. Tools to help humans calculate were then called "calculating machines"‚ by proprietary names‚ or even as they are now‚ calculators. It was those humans who used the machines who were then called computers; there are pictures of enormous rooms
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS 1 2. ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS 6 3. TRANSISTOR COMMON -BASE CONFIGURATION 11 4. TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERSTICS 16 6. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER 26 7. FET CHARACTERISTICS 31 8. h-PARAMETERS OF CE CONFIGURATION 36 9. TRANSISTOR CE AMPLIFIER 43 10. COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER 48 11. RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER 53 12. COMMON SOURCE FET AMPLIFIER 58 13. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 63 14. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 66 15. CURRENT-SERIES
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