across it (below 0.6V). The transistor will be OFF and nothing happens. When there is sufficient smoke to mask the light from falling on LDR‚ the LDR resistance increases and so do the voltage across it. Now the transistor will switch to ON. This gives power to the IC1 and it outputs 5V. This powers the tone generator IC UM66 (IC2) to play a music. This music will be amplified by IC3 (TDA 2002) to drive the speaker. Resistor R6 is meant for protecting the transistor when R4 is turned towards low
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p-channel (pMOS) transistors be built on the same chip substrate. To accommodate both nMOS and pMOS devices‚ special regions must be created in which the semiconductor type is opposite to the substrate type. These regions are called wells or tubs. A p-well is created in an n-type substrate or‚ alternatively‚ an n- well is created in a p-type substrate. In the simple n-well CMOS fabrication technology presented‚ the nMOS transistor is created in the p-type substrate‚ and the pMOS transistor is created in
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particular logical function. 4.Give the classification of logic families Bipolar Saturated RTL ECL IIL TTL Non Saturated Unipolar PMOS NMOS CMOS Schottky TTL DTL 5. Which gates are called as the universal gates? What are its advantages? The NAND and NOR gates are called as the universal gates. These gates are used to perform any type of logic application. 6.Classify the logic family by operation? The Bipolar logic family is classified into Saturated logic Unsaturated logic
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Chapter 1 1. An ideal voltage source has 5. A real current source has a. Zero internal resistance b. Infinite internal resistance c. A load-dependent voltage d. A load-dependent current a. Zero internal resistance b. Infinite internal resistance c. A small internal resistance d. A large internal resistance 2. A real voltage source has 6. If a load resistance is 1 kohm‚ a stiff current source has a resistance of a. Zero internal resistance b. Infinite internal resistance c. A small internal
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Source Amplifier The most commonly used topology for LNA design today is the cascode amplifier with inductive source degeneration shown in the Fig. 1. This type of cascode amplifier is called the telescopic cascode amplifier since the cascode transistor is the same type as the input
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In electronics‚ an integrated circuit (also known as IC‚ microcircuit‚ microchip‚ silicon chip‚ or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices‚ as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed
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Q0 and LED1 will glow. When you press the button again from remote‚ pin 2 of IC2 will become high and LED2 will glow. Indicating that device is on. You have to connect a relay at the outputs. One end of relay should be connected to collector of transistor T2 and another end of relay should be connected to supply. Circuit Diagram 20‚930-Reads Resistor Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its
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gKit 32. TWO STAGE FM TRANSMITTER This Kit is a powerful two stage‚ 9V FM transmitter (Tx) with a range of up to 1 kilometer in the open. It uses an RF transistor in its output stage. Distance of transmission is critically dependent on the operating Conditions (in a building or out on the open)‚ type of aerial used (single wire or dipole)‚ operating voltage (12V is better than 6V) and if the circuit is peaked for maximum performance. The kit is constructed on a single-sided printed circuit board
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Introduction to Layout design Note: some figures are taken from Ref. B. Razavi‚ Design of Analog CMOS integrated circuits‚ Mc Graw-Hill‚ 2001‚ and MOSIS web site: http://www.mosis.org/ 1 E. Martinez-Guerrero /Taller de Diseño Físico / MDE_DESI_ITESO/Otoño 2006 Introduction to layout design Layout consist in: Draw geometrical objects of different layers‚ Make arrays of geometrical objects‚ Patterns Make blocks of arrays for the core‚ interface‚ for the and padframe. fabrication
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RECOVERY TECHNIQUES 25 F] CONCLUSION 44 G] REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 A] Introduction Power dissipation in CMOS Circuits occurs due to dissipative charge and discharge of gate‚ junction and wire capacitances through resistive MOSFET switches. Ultra low energy operation is possible if the charge and discharge of capacitances is carried out in an adiabatic manner. Recovered energy logic circuits accomplish this by charging and discharging
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