AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROLLING AND SIGNALLING PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BY S. HEMA LATHA (06261A0448) RUPA DEVI (07265A0402) K.YASWANTHI (07265A0406) Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY‚ HYDERABAD‚ A.P) Chaitanya Bharathi P.O.‚ Gandipet‚ Hyderabad-500
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semiconductors for the realization of invisible circuits. Oxide semiconductors are very interesting materials because they combine simultaneously high/low conductivity with high visual transparency. How it works? Transparent oxide semiconductor based transistors have recently been proposed using as active channel intrinsic zinc oxide (ZnO). The main advantage of using ZnO deals with the fact that it is possible to growth at/near room temperature high quality polycrystalline ZnO‚ which is a particular advantage
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION‚ CIRCIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING INTRODUCTION Spy ear is the devices which converts low power audio signal to high power signal and gain. It can be used in Theaters ‚ Concert halls‚ Lecture rooms‚ Trains‚ Court houses‚ Conference rooms‚ Embassies‚ Gaming facilities‚ Recording studios‚ Aircraft ‚ railways ‚bus station etc.With this sound amplifier‚ you can now hear things crystal clear that you could never hear before. Spy ear is very easy to use‚ just put the ear
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according to the market availability of components and instruments to be used. Transistor Circuit Design: This two transistor simple FM transmitter is built around two amplifiers‚ Q1 is a common emitter with a dc gain of 1 and Ac gain that can be set by potentiometer R4 and this will amplify the signal from the electret and pass it to the next stage by coupling capacitor C3. Circuit diagram of a two transistor FM Transmitter: Q2 is the heart of the RF section‚ because of C4 (which ac grounds
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unlimited variations‚ this allows for the development of many electronic devices. Many theoretical molecular configurations have been demonstrated as rectifiers‚ memories or transistors‚ in reality it is very difficult to build the stable electrical device based on one or few molecules. A major obstacle is to obtain reliable junctions between the electrical contacts and a single or a few molecules. The surface metallic molecules can either be chemisorbed or physisorbed‚ resulting from van der Waals force
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elements has been observed by using of the scanning electron microscope newly developed in Hitachi Central Research Laboratory . The voltage topography shows the location of PN junction‚ the base width of planer type transistor and the voltage drop in in· tegrated circuits. Furthermore‚ diffusion depth of PN junction becomes visible by the electron voltaic effects. § 1. Introduction MANY papers have been already reported on the resolving power and the image contrast of the scanning
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MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS INTRODUCTION Molecular electronics (sometimes called moletronics) is a branch of applied physics which aims at using molecules as passive (e.g. resistive wires) or active (e.g. transistors) electronic components. The concept of molecular electronics has aroused much excitement both in science fiction and among scientists due to the prospect of size reduction in electronics offered by such minute components. It is an enticing alternative to extend Moore’s Law beyond the
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3001 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS in ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Santos S. Cuervo‚ ECE Susana A. Tan‚ ECE Encoded by: ASI‚ Rannilo Jr. L. DAMIAN‚ Sarah Joy V. DIAZ‚ Chona O. GLORIA‚ Mac Arco J. TAJANLANGIT‚ Alvin L. TORIO‚ Ayra Kate E. UMBAO‚ Raissa Grace C. PART 1: COMPILED QUESTIONS PER TOPIC CHAPTER 1: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM FUNDAMENTALS 1. Who discovered the relationship between magnetism and electricity that serves as the foundation for the theory of electromagnetism
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of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage‚ depending upon the mode of operation. The common traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. * a semiconductor with a p-n junction PRINCIPLES OF PHOTODIODE * Photons is the source of its energy * Energy can be solved by the equation: W=hf Where: h =Planck’s constant= 6.624×10-34 f = frequency * The frequency is‚ in turn‚ directly related to the wavelength
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original EM equations given in the formula sheet. Sketch Common-Base output characteristics based on the modified EM equations and show the Forward Active Region of operation‚ Saturation Region and Cut-off Region. (10 marks) 3a) A silicon n-p-n transistor has an emitter doping NDE = 1020 cm-3 and a base doping NAB = 1016 cm-3. The emitter is 1 µm thick and assume that the hole diffusion length in the emitter is 0.1 :m. The base is 0.35 :m thick and you
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