NPTEL – Chemistry – Reagents and Organic reactions Module II Lecture 14 Reduction Reactions 2.1.1 Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH) 2.1.1.1 Introduction Lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) is a strong reducing agent with chemical formula LiAlH4. It can reduce a variety of functional groups such as aldehydes‚ esters‚ acids‚ ketones‚ nitriles‚ epoxides and azides. It vigorously reacts with water and all the reactions are performed in polar aprotic solvents. 2.1.1.2 Preparation It was first
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= 17.70 µl) and HOBt (5 eq. = 36.48 mg) in the presence of TBTU (5 eq. = 86.70 mg) as a coupling reagent‚ DIPEA (5 eq. = 47 µl) as the base and DCM (10 ml) as solvent at room temperature. The mixture was stirred overnight. 3.3.3 Final Deprotection of protected peptide fragments According to different yielding efficiency‚ there are several
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it to the 10 mL H2O2 (aq) solution. 9) Titrate the acidic H2O2 (aq) solution with KMnO4 (aq). 10) Repeat steps 7-9 until three consistent results are obtained within 0.1 mL. 11) Dispose of solutions into waste buckets. Materials: Lab Apron - Biuret Eye Protection - Graduated Cylinder 100
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Experiment 3: Wittig Reaction Introduction This experiment performs a modified Wittig reaction using a phosphorus-containing Hornes-Emmons-Wittig reagent to generate an enolate anion of trimethyl phosphonoacetate instead of a phosphorus ylide. The methyl trans-4-methoxy cinnamate produced is then analyzed using melting point and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Theory The Wittig reaction prepares alkenes from carbonyl compounds by attacking a phosphorus ylide with a nucleophilic carbon atom stabilized by
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based on the reduction of chromium(IV)‚ which is orange‚ to chromium(III)‚ which is green‚ when an alcohol is oxidized by the reagent. A change in color of the reagent from orange to green represents a positive test. Primary alcohols are oxidized by the reagent to carboxylic aicds; secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are not oxidized at all by the reagent. Hence‚ this reaction can be used to distinguish tertiary alcohols form primary and secondary alcohols. Procedures:
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Effects of Electrical Stimuli and Injected Reagents on Frog Hearts Melissa Higdon Section 05‚ Group 01 November 19‚ 2013 Introduction: The heart is a very complex muscle for all species. It is responsible for sending oxygenated blood throughout the body as well as sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs‚ and continuously circulate this way for as long as we are alive. Many things can be effected‚ for example how fast the heart beats or how much
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test tubes. Tollen’s test In three test tubes‚ 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent was placed separately. To one tube‚ a drop of formalin was added; to the other‚ a drop of acetone was added; and to the other a drop of benzaldehyde was added. The solutions were mixed thoroughly. Since there was no reaction at room temperature‚ the solutions were placed in hot water bath . Schiff’s test In three test tubes‚ 5 drops of Schiff’s reagent was placed separately. To one tube‚ a drop of formalin was added‚
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is classified into two types of imaging systems namely standalone and multimodal imaging technologies. In addition‚ report covers different types of imaging reagents employed in small animal research studies such as nuclear imaging reagents‚ optical imaging reagents‚ MRI contrasting reagents‚ CT contrast reagents and ultrasound contrast reagents. With the diverse choice of imaging technologies‚ parameters such as disease model‚ cost‚ ease-of-use‚ accessibility to imaging agents‚ and utility of particular
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EXPERIMENT: Biological Molecules Here are your goals for this lesson: • To conduct tests for glucose‚ starch‚ lipids and proteins • Use these test results to identify the biological molecules found in food Student Name: Brittany Gerdes Date Experiment done:12-20-12 Date Report Completed: 12-20-12 Name of Grader: Hypothesis: A prediction of what you think the results of the project will be. Write your hypothesis before you begin the experiment and‚ if the experiment has
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Analysis of Alcohols‚ Aldehydes and Ketones Karl Wayne Mancao‚ Raphaell Mordeno‚ Andres Pastrana III*‚ and Shannen Peñaverde Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The proponents have done several tests for identifying alcohols‚ aldehydes and ketones. These tests are Dichromate test‚ Tollens test‚ Lucas test‚ DNPH test and Iodoform test. Three samples got positive result in dichromate test and one in Tollens test. Lucas test got one sample that has
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