focus on the state of the water supply. The authors review methods for studying the epidemiological spread of waterborne infections and those used in surveillance and control of pathogenic microbes. He includes the methods used for the detection of pathogens of public health importance in drinking water. In the later chapters the authors pay close attention to biofilm development within drinking water systems‚ emphasizing the public health threat. They cover the microbes important to public health
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A vaccine is a substance used as a preventive inoculation to obtain immunity from a specific disease‚ commonly using an innocuous form of the disease as an inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production. Even though the first vaccine was created 215 years ago in 1796‚ many people today are still apprehensive about vaccines due to fear of vaccines’ negative side effects. This investigation studies whether vaccinations should be made mandatory or otherwise‚ considering both the negative and positive
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BSc in Hotel Management Food Hygiene and Safety Practice HTM2110 24027 BSc (HONS) Hotel Management Product: Lemon Pork Cutlets ABC Restaurant Submission Date: March 27 2013 Content 1. Scope: Hazards Name of Product Intended Use Process Potential Customers 2. Production Description 3. The HACCP Team 4. Process Flow Diagrams 5. HACCP Analysis Charts Ingredients Purchasing
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The first line of defense includes the skin‚ cilia‚ tears‚ stomach and mucous membranes. Because the rotavirus is contagious‚ you will most likely obtain it when you touch the doorknob which means your hand will be the first to try and prevent the pathogen from further entering your body. The skin tries to retain fluid and protect against disease. It is a mechanical barrier that can secrete
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Innate Targeting of Pathogens Pathogen Examples Facts Pattern recognition alerted by Viruses flu‚ small pox‚ HIV‚ polio‚ Ebola‚ rhinovirus‚ hepatitis‚ measles Can only reproduce inside cells Foreign nucleic acids (double stranded RNA‚ single stranded DNA‚ foreign methylation patterns)‚ reduced antigen presentation by infected cells So viruses are usually recognized by something unusual in their nucleic acids.(Double RNA‚ normally‚ RNA is a single strain) Bacteria
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Biology End of Year Revision Quick Recap on Graphs: * Always remember to include units * Put the dependent (thing you measure) along the y-axis. (One going up) * Put the independent (thing you change) on the x-axis (along the bottom) * Don’t join the dots up‚ draw a line of best fit. * Circle anomaly result. Healthy Diet For a healthy diet‚ you need energy. So you need: CARBOHYDRATES‚ to release energy. FATS‚ to keep warm and release energy PROTEIN‚ for growth cell
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There are three categories of bioterrorism agents: A‚ B‚ and C. The criteria for A‚ high security risk pathogens‚ is that the pathogen is easily able to be transmitted person to person‚ high mortality rates‚ public panic‚ and might require special action for public health preparedness(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases‚2016). Category B is the second highest priority pathogens‚ the criteria is that it is moderately easy to spread‚ a moderate or low amount of deaths and require specific
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the immune system. White blood cells are located near places where there could be pathogens entering‚ such as the tonsils. They are found in these places because they protect entry into the body. If pathogens do try to enter then the white blood cells will become activated and will attack the area of infection. They become activated when the dendritic cell engulfs neutrophils which contain the remains of pathogens that they have killed. The dendritic cells travel in lymph to the lymph nodes where
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transports nutrients from blood to the cells‚ and it takes back carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells back into the blood. Despite this difference of function‚ however‚ the lymph and interstitial fluid do interact with each other. Along with pathogens‚ lymph also takes waste from cells to be expelled from the body. Simply put‚ lymph takes away the waste the interstitial fluid is carrying. Interstitial fluid not only interacts with lymph‚ it also interacts with plasma. Plasma is a fluid like lymph
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benefits: * production and use of vaccines Review of Body’s Defences Pathogens – living organisms or agents that cause disease (e.g. bacteria‚ fungi‚ parasites‚ viruses and prions) Non-self – any pathogen or foreign substance not recognised as part of an individual Non-specific – a line of defence that prevents the entry or effect of any non-self material Macrophage – mobile white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens through the process of phagocytosis The Lymphatic System The lymphatic
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