for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of pathogen that will infect half of the test animals • LD50: Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of toxin that will kill half of the test animals Adherence • Adhesins/ligands bind to receptors on host cells • Glycocalyx: Streptococcus mutans • Fimbriae: Escherichia coli • M protein: Streptococcus pyogenes • Form biofilms How bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense • • • • • • Capsules Cell wall
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dangerous pathogens it may encounter • The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins • Two major kinds of defense have evolved: a) innate immunity b) acquired immunity Innate immunity • Also known as external defenses • It involves nonspecific responses to pathogens • Nonspecific defense mechanism can be divided into two lines. • The first lines of defenses are barriers at body surfaces. They help fight undistinguishable pathogens that
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communities because preventative measures will be used and it also makes people aware of what could happen if preventative measures were not taken. Scientists and doctors worldwide collaborate to develop upstream interventions that prevent transmission of pathogens and/or disease. Collaboration is a key to One Health because the three domains work together to better the health of the community. The term One Health makes it known that the three domains; humans‚ animals‚ and the environment are all interrelated
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and Adaptive Defenses (Fig. 21.1‚ pg. 767) Body Defenses against Infection (Fig. 21.1‚ pg. 767) * Immunity * Resistance to disease * Pathogen * disease causing agent * bacteria‚ viruses‚ etc * Innate (nonspecific) Defenses * responds quickly * general defenses * protects against many pathogens * First line of defense * skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms * Second line of defense * antimicrobial proteins‚
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com/2010/03/03/ The author in this article talks about the intensified action against foodborne illnesses. In particular‚ it discusses about Rep. Rosa DeLauro ’s bill on increasing food inspection so that the victims of food-related pathogens are going to become lesser in number. Intensifying food inspection is necessitated in part by the full economic cost of the different illnesses suffered by people who have eaten foods that are contaminated. This is also the information
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demonstrating the application of these requirements and how they impact on patient safety. Decontamination can be defined as the process‚ or combination of processes‚ that remove or inactivate contaminants‚ resulting in the prevention of these potential pathogens making contact with vulnerable areas and developing in to infection. The Health and Social Care Act 2008: Code of Practice on the prevention and control of infections and related guidance (Department of Health (DH)‚ 2010) recommends that‚ in order
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short journeys or crossing borders one thing to note is that the volume of human movement is very large. International travel and trade is a factor that favors the emergence of infectious diseases through many different mechanisms. They can carry pathogens in or on their bodies‚ or carry and transport disease vectors such as lice or mosquitoes. Diseases can emerge and grow due to nation’s technological capabilities (or lack of) in agriculture and health. People also change the environment in many
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Foodborne Illnesses Worksheet Eating unhealthy food is one thing. Eating food that has been contaminated with a pathogen‚ toxin‚ or other harmful substance is quite another. You may be surprised to know that more than 200 diseases are transmitted through food. Becoming knowledgeable about how food becomes contaminated and how it affects the human body may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness while staying free from foodborne illnesses. With this worksheet‚ first choose
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taken to prevent HAIs is installing copper‚ bronze‚ and brass fixtures throughout the hospital that are the most touched and used surfaces such as toilet seats‚ door knobs and handles‚ and bedside rails. Installing these materials will help to kill pathogens and MRSA that are responsible for Hospital and Community Acquired Infections. The use of brass and bronze will increase the potential of killing harmful and potentially deadly bacteria. Copper has been recognized by the EPA as the first solid surface
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however‚ the immune system attacks and damages these healthy tissues. This reaction is called an autoimmune response or autoimmunity. The immune system is composed of many parts that work together to fight infections when pathogens or poisons invade the human body. Pathogens are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses. The immune system reacts to foreign substances through a series of steps know as the immune response. Any agent perceived as foreign by a body’s immune system is
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