experiment was to investigate the effects of salt type and concentrations on the rate of heating and the boiling point. Then from this data make a conclusion which salt type and concentration is the most energy efficient at heating water to its boiling point. It was hypothesised that highest concentration of MgCl2 was going to be the most energy efficient at heating the solution to its boiling point. This is because MgCl2 has the lowest specific heat capacity thus will use the least amount of energy
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ΔT1 = Kfm where Kf is a constant that depends on the specific solvent and m is the molality of the molecules or ions solute. Table 1 gives data for several common solvents. Table 1. Molal Freezing Point and Boiling Point Constants | Solvent | Formula | Freezing Point (°C) | Kf(°C/molal) | Boiling Point (°C) | Kb(°C/molal) | Water | H2O | 0.0 | 1.86 | 100.0 | 0.51 | Acetic acid | CH3COOH | 17.0 | 3.90 | 118.1 | 3.07 | Benzene | C6H6 | 5.5 | 4.90 | 80.2 | 2.53 | Chloroform | CHCl3 | –63.5
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information about boiling water. If you cover the tin and allow the water and air to cool down‚ the air will cool and contract‚ lowering the pressure in the tin. If it lowers enough‚ the partial vacuum will collapse the walls of the can! The boiling point definitely reduces with air pressure. There is a famous demonstration where boiling water or coffee is drunk‚ the trick is it was in a vacuum chamber where it boiled at room temperature. The actual definition of the boiling point of water is the
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BOILING AND CONDENSATION BOILING • Phase change phenomenon where in transformation of liquid to vapour occurs at the saturation temperature of the fluid. It occurs at a solid/liquid interface due to convection heat transfer from the solid and usually occurs at surface temperatures higher than the saturation temperature of the fluid Agitation of fluid by vapor bubbles provides large convection coefficients Modified Newton’s law of cooling qs’’ h Ts Tsat Te • • • BOILING – CLASSIFICATON
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Melting Point Determination and Thermometer Calibration Lab Background: The melting point of a substance‚ a solid in this case‚ signifies the temperature at which the first crystal starts to melt until the temperature at which the last crystal disappears is reached. That being said‚ melting points are expressed in ranges‚ am organic compound will have a sharp range depending on the purity of the compound. Impurity of an organic substance will register an abnormal melting point based on its
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SHORT INTRODUCTION TO TWO-PHASE FLOWS Condensation and boiling heat transfer Herv´ Lemonnier e DM2S/STMF/LIEFT‚ CEA/Grenoble‚ 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9 Ph. +33(0)4 38 78 45 40‚ herve.lemonnier@cea.fr herve.lemonnier.sci.free.fr/TPF/TPF.htm ECP‚ 2011-2012 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS • Condensation heat transfer: – drop condensation – film condensation • Boiling heat transfer: – Pool boiling‚ natural convection‚ ´bullition en vase e – Convective boiling‚ forced convection‚ • Only for pure fluids. For mixtures
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the freezing point depression of a known amount in an aqueous solution. Freezing point depression is a colligative property of solutions. There are three other properties‚ which are boiling point elevation‚ vapor pressure depression‚ and osmotic pressure. Colligative properties of a solution depend on the amount of solute and solvent molecules and not the specific properties of the molecules. The temperature at which the solvent starts to freeze will be specified as the freezing point of the solution
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Melting Points Elizabeth McGrail Organic Chemistry I 25 January 2013 ABSTRACT The objectives of this lab are‚ as follows; to understand what occurs at the molecular level when a substance melts; to understand the primary purpose of melting point data; to demonstrate the technique for obtaining the melting point of an organic substance; and to explain the effect of impurities on the melting point of a substance. Through the experimentation of three substances‚ tetracosane‚ 1-tetradecanol and
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Using Freezing-Point Depression to Find Molecular Weight Abstract: In this lab‚ the purpose was to use the freezing point depression method to determine the molecular weight of aspirin. This was done by determining the freezing of t-butanol and that of a t-butanol and aspirin solution; then finding the molality of the solution‚ and moles of aspirin. In the results of the experiment‚ the molar mass was found to be 192.2 g/mol‚ which differed from the established value of 180.2 g/mol by 6.7% error
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Freezing Point Depression Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to demonstrate freezing point depression by dissolving salt into two liquids and monitoring temperature. Materials: test tube‚ Thermometer‚ 10 mL graduated cylinder‚ 2 micropipettes‚ Styrofoam cups‚ 4 pieces plastic wrap‚ 70% ethyl rubbing alcohol‚ 91% isopropyl rubbing alcohol‚ ice‚ distilled water‚ rock salt Procedure: Using the graduated cylinder‚ measure 2 mL of alcohol and pour it into the test tube. Add 10 mL of
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