757–787 Real and Accrual-Based Earnings Management in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Periods Daniel A. Cohen New York University Aiyesha Dey University of Chicago Thomas Z. Lys Northwestern University ABSTRACT: We document that accrual-based earnings management increased steadily from 1987 until the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in 2002‚ followed by a significant decline after the passage of SOX. Conversely‚ the level of real earnings management activities declined prior to SOX and
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forecast this depends only on Xn‚ Xn-1‚…… In simple exponential smoothing‚ the one-step-ahead predictor can be written in the recurrence form Xt(1)= Lt+ Tt+ It-p+1 Where the smoothing parameter‚ α‚ is usually constrained so that 0 < α <1. The Holt-Winters method (sometimes called the Winters method or seasonal exponential smoothing) generalizes this approach to deal with trend and seasonality. Let α‚ γ‚ δ denote three smoothing parameters and let p
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Learning Centred Feedback in Practice Professors Ian Black and Dylan Wiliam of Kings College London reviewed a significant number of research studies and showed that formative assessment has more effect on learning than any other single factor (including prior learning). (Black & Wiliam (1998) “Assessment and Classroom Learning” in the journal Assessment in Education.) The following summarises the conclusions drawn from this research and is a good starting point for teachers in relation to assessment
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Earnings Gap Earnings gap by gender can be explained by several different theories. Varying on the individual views/opinions some theories may make more sense than others. In my opinion the one theory that best explains this gap between genders is the occupational segregation. There are some occupations that are female‚ and others that are male. One of the explanations for this is the discontinuity of the female participation/attachment in labor force. During their labor force participation
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organizational culture was revealed. It is my intent to utilize the concepts of boundaries and authority from the BART model to describe how management made a mistake by taking the idea of “fun” too far. Boundaries Observable boundaries are defined by Alderfer as the physical‚ spatial‚ and temporal divisions that differentiate a group from other groups (McCollom‚ 1995). The following quote illustrates an observable boundary: “For example‚ teams have dress-up days where employees must come dressed
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A nurse’s guide to professional boundaries February 2010 This is a companion document to the Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Nurses ©Copyright 2010 This work is copyright February 2010. Copyright is held jointly by the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council and the Nursing Council of New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-9807515-7-4 This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or in part for study or training purposes subject to an inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source and
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CFA Institute What Determines Price-Earnings Ratios? Author(s): William Beaver and Dale Morse Source: Financial Analysts Journal‚ Vol. 34‚ No. 4 (Jul. - Aug.‚ 1978)‚ pp. 65-76 Published by: CFA Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4478160 Accessed: 12/06/2010 17:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use‚ available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides‚ in part
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“Good girl. You listened well.” She assumed it was the Teacher speaking. “Who are you?” she asked in a husky voice‚ dry from the heavy breathing. “All in its time Samantha; tonight is just an introduction. I want to learn who you are‚ inside‚ Samantha. I want to teach you your desires.” He said this as his fingers trailed lightly up her arm‚ from wrist to shoulder‚ igniting a thrilling‚ electric spark in their path. “I know what my desires are‚” she protested. “No‚ Samantha‚ those are not true desires
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INVESTools should definitely capitalize these expenses. The practice of not capitalizing these expenses has led to routine recording of net losses lately due to the company’s new focus on deferred-revenue contracts. By capitalizing these expenses‚ management can paint a much clearer picture of the company’s financial health‚ especially since the deferred-revenue streams will hopefully continue to grow in the future. 2. Board members are right to be concerned about the restatement being issued because
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RELATIONSHIP LECTURER: MR KAREGA MUCHIRI DUE DATE: 28th NOVEMBER 2012 Many professionals in the west are not worried by boundaries and dual relationships‚ for instance in the UK accountants and solicitors often get work from their friends‚ or friends of friends‚ hairdressers can go out for a meal with their customers. In the early days in counseling there was no concern about boundaries and dual relationships. Freud came from a small‚ tight- knit social group of middle class Vienna. He gave patients gifts
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