to a compound with a double or triple bond. The metal catalysts have different properties and there are different functional groups that each can reduce. Catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method for reducing alkenes and alkynes. When you perform catalytic hydrogenation on alkenes the reaction is called an addition reaction. Addition reactions are when a reagent is added to the two carbons making up a pi-bond. In catalytic hydrogenation‚ the reagent is dihydrogen and it adds to the two carbons
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b) Resistance to Addition Reactions – - although benzene has double bonds‚ it does not undergo typical alkene reactions such as electrophilic addition - benzene is‚ in fact‚ very stable towards hydrogenation‚ halogenation‚ hydration & addition of hydrogen halides: NR EX. H2 X2 C6H6 H2 O HX NR NR NR c) Preference for Substitution Reactions – - instead of addition reactions like alkenes‚ benzene readily undergoes substitution reactions typical of alkanes: EX. C6H6 + Cl2 Fe C6H5 Cl + HCl
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Leoncito‚ Alyssa Lynn‚ Libatique‚ Keith Martin P.‚ Ligot‚ Nestlhyn B.*‚ Lim‚ Jamie Therese T. Department of Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic
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alpha carbon anion on the carbonyl carbon on the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. Next‚ is the protonation of the oxygen from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde‚ which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. Figure 2: Mechanism
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CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • Inductive Effect : Inductive effect is defined as permanent displacement of shared electron pair in a carbon chain towards more electronegative atom or group. Types of Inductive effect : 1.Negative Inductive Effect : (—I effect‚ Electron withdrawing effect) when an electronegative atom or group (more electro negative than hydrogen)is attached to the terminal of the carbon chain in a compound‚ the electrons are displaced in the direction of the attached
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2012) In the first step‚ the mixture of water‚ concentrated sulphuric acid‚ and cyclohexene was shaken vigorously until it became a homogenous solution. Followed by‚ the addition of water‚ and the distillation process lead to the hydrolysis of the alkene. Finally‚ addition of diethyl ether to the mixture then distillation took place to be purified and to obtain the final product‚ cyclohexanol (McFadden‚ 2012). Diethyl ether was used to extract alcohol from salt-water mixture because diethyl ethers
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CHEMISTRY PART I PREPARED BY SYED ABDUL ILLAH ALYAHYA BIN SYED ABD KADIR 1 TOPICS PART I 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Isomerism and Overview of Organic Reaction Alkenes and Alkynes Alkyl Halides 2 TOPIC INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 3 1.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbon and Functional Groups What is Organic Chemistry? • Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on
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chemistry? Carbon compounds. Methane CH4 Hexane C6 H14 Ethane C2H 6 Heptane C7 H16 Propane C3H 8 Octane C8 H18 Butane C4H10 Nonane C9H20 Pentane C 5 H12 Decane C1 0 H22 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons Rules: Cycloalkanes: Alkenes: Alkynes: General formula: Cn H2n General formula: Cn H2n General formula:Cn H2n -2 Haloalkanes: Alekanes: Alcohols: Alkylhalides CnH2n+n “OH” group F (Fluoro)‚ Cl (Chloro)‚ Br (Bromo)‚ I (Iodo) Other rules: “Anes” - No double
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Clays are one of the important natural materials‚ which have been examined for catalytic applications. Clays are characterized by a layered structure and hence they are slippery when wet. They are broadly classified as cationic or smectite type (having layer lattice structure in which two-dimensional oxyanions are separated by layers of hydrated cations) and anionic or brucite type (in which the charge on the layer and the gallery ion is reversed complimentary to smectite type). Anionic clays are
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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