1. A student neglected to add sodium carbonate when extracting the tea leaves with hot water. Yet a very high yield of caffeine was obtained. The crystals melted at 202-214°C. Explain. • The sodium carbonate is supposed to be added when extracting the tea leaves with hot water in order to help purify the caffeine. So since the student neglected to add sodium carbonate the caffeine won’t be pure but the student would still be able to recover a large amount of caffeine. The literature melting point
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temperature around 100C or less. The crude product was collected which contained water‚ 4-methylcyclohexene‚ and trace acid. D. Questions: 1. Outline a mechanism for the dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol catalyzed by phosphoric acid. 2. What major alkene product is produced by the dehydration of the following alcohols? a. Cyclohexanol Cyclohexene b. 1-Methylcyclohexanol methylcyclohexene c. 2-Methylcyclohexanol methylcyclohexne d. 2‚2-dimethylcyclohexanol 1‚2-dimethylcyclohexene 3. Compare
Free Distillation Sulfuric acid Infrared spectroscopy
63.08% Discussion This experiment involved the addition of trans-cinnamic acid to bromine for the production of 2‚3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid. This process depicted an electrophilic addition of a halogen to an asymmetrically substituted alkene. A result of this process was the presence of a stereospecific bromonium ion formed by the mechanism of the reaction. The mixing of 2.5g of trans-cinnamic acid with 14.6 ml of 10% bromine in dichloromethane over a low heat enable to increase the
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it is used to oxidize the benzoic acid as well as acting as a catalyst for the reaction. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a very strong oxidant which is able to react with many functional groups‚ such as secondary alcohols‚ 1‚2-diols‚ aldehydes‚ alkenes‚ oximes‚ sulfides and thiols. It is heated under a reflux‚ this (heating in a flask with a condenser placed vertically in it) prevents any aldehyde formed in the reaction escape and allow it to have time to be oxidized to carboxylic acid.
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bonds). (3) Name the remaining substituents and their numbers as for alkanes and alkenes. CH3 OH H3C CH2-Cl CH3 H 1-chloro-3‚3-dimethyl-2-butanol Ch10 Alcohols (Str and Syn).doc Page1 (4) Cyclic alcohols have the prefix cyclo-‚ and the hydroxyl group is deemed to be on C-1. HO CH2CH3 1-ethylcyclopropanol (5) Alcohols with double or triple bonds are named using the –ol suffix on the alkene or alkyne name. Numbering gives the hydroxyl group the lowest possible number. When
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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SUMMARY OF ORGANIC REACTIONS SECTION 1 - ALIPHATIC Aldehydes and ketones |Type of reaction |Mechanism | |1. oxidation (aldehydes only): aldehyde ( carboxylic acid |n/a | | | | |reagents: potassium
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Comment: Treat a Grignard reagent as an alkyl nucleophile i.e. CH3MgBr is equivalent to CH3- nucleophile. The Grignard reagent can also react with RX to form a longer chain alkane. Example: CH3CH2MgBr + CH3CH2Br CH3CH2CH2CH3 + MgBr2 In general‚ basicity parallels nucleophilic strength since both of them depend on the availability of the lone pair of electrons. The Grignard reagent is not only able to function as a nucleophile; it can operate as a base too by reacting with water to
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do this is to use a chemical test. There are multiple chemical tests that can be used‚ one of them being the bromine test. A bromine test is used to verify whether an OH group is present or not. Another test is used with KMNO4 to test whether and alkene is present or not. Using both chemical tests and infrared spectroscopy to analyze the substance it
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form more stable carbocation intermediates than primary and secondary alcohols‚ tertiary alcohols are the most likely to follow the SN1 pathway. In SN1 reactions‚ the formation of a carbocation can lead to rearrangements. Also‚ elimination to form an alkene can occur. In this experiment‚ t-amyl alcohol (2-methyl-2-butanol) in the presence of concentrated HCl will undergo a substitution reaction to form t-amyl chloride. In order
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