Experiment 1: Bromination of Acetanilide1 Precautions: Ethanol is flammable Sodium hypochlorite is an oxidizing agent and releases toxic fumes (handle in fume hood) Acetic acid is corrosive‚ harmful if inhaled‚ flammable and can cause burns (handle in fume hood) Gloves are recommended to avoid chemical contact with skin Reaction Scheme: Conversion of acetanilide to p-bromoacetanilide Procedure: To a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing a mixture of 95% ethanol (6 mL) and acetic acid (5 mL)‚ dissolve
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there is less interaction between solute and solvent. We also differentiated alkanes and alkenes. Alkanes only contain c-c single bonds‚ are saturated‚ and are the least reactive. Alkenes are c=c double bonds‚ more reactive than alkanes‚ and unsaturated. In the next part of the experiment we added bromine to alkenes. This caused an electrophilic halogenation reaction. If the bromine reacted with the alkene the bromine would discolor from orange and turn clear. Experiment Part A) Solubility of
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Alexandra Smith May 27‚ 2012 Cracking Aim: The aim of this experiment is break a larger alkane into smaller alkanes and alkenes. Theory: Fuels made from oil mixtures containing large hydrocarbon molecules are not efficient. They do not flow easily and are difficult to ignite. Crude oil often contains too many large hydrocarbon molecules and not enough small hydrocarbon molecules to meet demand. Cracking allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller‚ more
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Discussion The dehydration of an alcohol to an alkene follows a two step elimination reaction. The first step is determines the rate of the reaction and is dependent on the formation of the carbocation. In this experiment‚ the carbocation intermediate forms as the alcoholic hydroxyl group is protonated with acid‚ and dihydrogen oxide leaves. After this unimolecular dissociation step‚ a proton from one of the adjacent carbons is captured to reform the acid catalyst‚ and the elimination reaction is
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hydrocarbons. Many alkanes are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The smallest alkanes are used extensively as fuels. Apart from burning‚ however‚ they are remarkably unreactive. Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Alkene Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Molecular formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 Molecular formula C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 Molecular formula CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH Display formula Display formula
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Introduction Discovered by Georg Wittig in 1954‚ the Wittig reaction is a robust organic synthesis method for preparing stereospecific alkenes. In general‚ Wittig reactions involve an aldehyde or ketone and a Wittig reagent (triphenylphosphonium ylide) and result in the formation of an alkene product and triphenylphosphine oxide (side product). Stereospecific alkene products can be synthesized by adjusting the reaction reagents and conditions. In the 60 years since the Wittig reaction was discovered
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| |Structure and Preparation of Alkenes. | |Elimination Reactions | Summary Alkenes contain the C=C functional group which can be prepared by 1‚2-elimination reactions such as: • dehydration of alcohols (- H2O) or • dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (- HX). Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted‚ and therefore more stable alkene. But the rule is not always obeyed
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Under reflux conditions‚ a bromohexane compound is synthesized from 1-hexene and HBr(aq). The desired product‚ 2-bromohexane‚ is analyzed to see if it is produced according to Markovnikov’s rule‚ which states that when an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide (HBr) to form an alkyl halide‚ the H+ is added to the carbon with a greater number of hydrogen substituents to form a more stable carbocation and the halogen (Br-) is added to the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents. A heterogeneous mixture
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reaction occurs when a leaving group‚ which consists of a weak base‚ leaves an organic compound‚ leaving an intermediate carbocation. In the second step‚ a carbon on the organic compound is deprotonated by a Lewis base‚ resulting in the formation of an alkene. The dehydration reactions of 1- and 2-Butanol with sulfuric acid occur through an E1 mechanism‚ so they follow the steps previously
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permanganate was added. Permanganate’s color changed from purple to brown‚ and bromium’s color changed brown to colorless‚ it became color solution which was light yellow. INTRODUCTION One of the most useful and general methods of preparing alkenes or olefins is based on the dehydration of alcohols with acids. Strong acids such as sulphuric and phosphoric acids are required to form the oxonium ion from which the hydronium ion is eliminated. “This cyclohexene from cyclohexanol reaction belongs
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