classes: alkanes have only single bonds‚ and are said to be saturated; alkenes and alkynes have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds‚ and are said to be unsaturated. Aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic compounds whose structure is related to that of benzene‚ with six -electrons in a six-member ring. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons such as Alkanes are relatively inert to chemical oxidizing agents such as neutral or alkaline permanganate‚ where alkenes are readily oxidized at room temperature. The change in color can
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Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond • The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition—the π bond is broken and two new σ bonds are formed. • Alkenes are electron rich‚ with the electron density of the π bond concentrated above and below the plane of the molecule. • Because alkenes are electron rich‚ simple alkenes do not react with nucleophiles or bases‚ reagents that are themselves electron rich. Alkenes react with electrophiles. Electrophilic Addition Energy Diagram: • The
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hydrocarbons (Greek for "fat") consist of alkanes (paraffins)‚ alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds). Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the benzene ring. 153 C C C alkane alkene C C C alkyne benzene Hydrocarbons can be further divided into saturated hydrocarbons that have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes)‚ and unsaturated hydrocarbons that have multiple carbon-carbon bonds (alkenes‚ alkynes‚ aromatics). Most of the aliphatic compounds are named
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Dehydration refers to a chemical reaction where the reactant loses a water molecule. In the presence of a strong acid like 85% phosphoric acid‚ an alcohol like-2-methylcyclohexanol can be dehydrated to form an alkene. In this experiment‚ alcohol was dehydrated by E1 elimination‚ in order to synthesize cyclohexene. First‚ alcohol is protonated by the acid. Second‚ during E1 elimination‚ a carbocation is formed by the removal of an oxonium ion to yield a secondary and a tertiary carbocation. The receiving
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Nate Rhodes The Synthesis of Alkenes: Dehydration of Cyclohexanol Organic Chemistry Lab 1 Tuesday 8:00 11/08/11 Paul Jackson Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to form cyclohexene from cyclohexanol through a dehydration reaction. Cyclohexene was successfully synthesized according to the bromine test performed and the IR spectra. There was a percent yield of cyclohexene of 76.1%. Introduction: Alkenes‚ hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond‚ are important
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Esmeralda Curiel Organic Chemistry October 21‚ 2014 Experiment 41- 1‚4-Diphenyl-1‚3-Butadiene INTRODUCTION The study of the Wittig Reaction is important because it is often used to form alkenes from carbonyl compounds. The purpose of this experiment is to isolate the trans‚ trans-1‚4-diphenyl-1‚3-butadiene‚ which is formed by a Wittig reaction along with the cis‚ trans isomeric diene. The reaction is carried out in two steps. First the Wittig salt is obtained through a simple nucleophilic displacement
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Lecture # 1 Organic Chemistry- 1. It is a science that deals with the study of Carbon compounds but not all compounds containing under organic compounds. Non-Organic Compounds a. CO- Carbon monoxide b. CO2- Carbon dioxide c. CO3- Carbonates d. HCO3- Hydrogen carbonates e. CN- -Cyanides 2. There are over millions of compounds and inorganic is approximately 100‚000. 3. A science that deals with matter obtained from natural or living sources. 4. Study of Carbon Compounds
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* Introduction to Organic Chemistry Understand the basis of drawing organic structures Depicting 3-D structures in 2-D Most organic compounds have a three-dimensional structure. How do we represent structures on our two-dimensional page? For example‚ methane is a tetrahedral molecule: Bonds in the plane of the paper: Bonds coming towards the observer: (out of the page) Bonds going away
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Sophomore Organic Chemistry laboratory curriculum. In one line of inquiry it has been observed that a mixture of 2-methylcyclohexanol diastereomers gives rise to a mixture of three isomeric alkenes Todd(1994)JCE:71‚p440; Feigenbaum(1987) JCE:64‚ p273; Cawley (1997) JCE:74l‚ p102. Explaining the presence of the three alkene products requires an intense synthesis of information communicated in a typical SOC textbook. The continued popularity of this experiment is corroborated by the observation that Googling
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products were formed. The theoretical yield of the alkene mixture was 3.914 g. The actual yield of the mixture was 0.73 g. The percent yield for the reaction was 18.65%. Peak A had an area of 0.3 mm2 and a percentage of 4.6 %. Peak B had an area of 6.21 mm2 and a percentage of 95.39%. Introduction The acid used speeds up the dehydration of the alcohols. This is an elimination reaction. Water is eliminated from the reaction and the products formed are alkenes. The reaction follows Zaitsev’s rule because
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