Steam distillation of cloves produced 0.53g of an oil which contained in its IR spectrum the functional groups O-H (at 3520 cm-1)‚ sp2 C-H (3080 – 3000 cm-1)‚ aliphatic C-H (2980 – 2940 cm-1)‚ and both alkene C=C (at 1640 cm-1) and aromatic C=C (at 1514 cm-1). The IR spectrum is attached to this report. These data are consistent with the structure of eugenol‚ shown in Figure 2 below: In addition‚ the IR of the product from the steam distillation of cloves closely corresponds with that of an
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say that a hydrocarbon is saturated‚ we mean that the carbon is saturated with other atoms. It can only bond to a new atom if it gives up one of the atoms it is already bonded to. Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double carbon bond are the alkenes and those that contain at least one triple carbon bond are called alkynes. These are compounds that are also known as unsaturated molecules. Lastly‚ aromatic‚ is a class of cyclic hydrocarbons that contain a closed loop of electrons. Generally
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(positive) and Basic Oxidation test (positive). From these results the unknown sample can be classified as non-aromatic and unsaturated. INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms. They include the alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes‚ and aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of their relatively non-polarity‚ all hydrocarbons are insoluble in water. When hydrocarbons burn in sufficient oxygen‚ carbon dioxide and water are the sole products. The main structural difference among
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An early observation of fluorescence was described in 1560 byBernardino de Sahagún and in 1565 by Nicolás Monardes in theinfusion known as lignum nephriticum (Latin for "kidney wood"). It was derived from the wood of two tree species‚ Pterocarpus indicus andEysenhardtia polystachya.[2][3][4][5] The chemical compound responsible for this fluorescence is matlaline‚ which is the oxidation product of one of the flavonoids found in this wood.[2] In 1819 Edward D. Clarke[6] and in 1822 René Just Haüy[7] described
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D1: Pharmaceutical drugs D.1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body. Drug or medicine is a substance that does one or more of the following: Alters physiological state – consciousness‚ activity level‚ coordination Alters incoming sensory experience Alters mood or emotion The active ingredients in drugs and medicines can be isolated from a plants and animals or synthesized artificially. Drugs supposed to assist human body’s
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University of Maryland‚ College Park Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CHEM 231: Organic Chemistry I‚ Fall 2014 The Highlights Bonnie Dixon TA: Courney Love Office: CHM 2130 email: bdixon1@umd.edu email: clove@umd.edu When/Where: Lecture MWF 9 a.m. – 10 a.m. in CHM 1407 Discussion T/H at 12:30 pm‚ 2 pm‚ and 3:30 pm in the CHM 1228 Course Materials: Organic
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of molecules. Caffeine had already existed in the leaf itself but needed to be separated from the other chemicals. Caffeine’s chemical structure is relatively similar to the nucleic acid purine in that they use nitrogen and is bicyclic but lacks an alkene‚ amine and an amide. Caffeine has a solubility of 67.0 g/100 mL in boiling water but tannins also boil in hot water to form catechin. Catechin cannot react with water but it can with calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate was added into the reflux
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to a compound with a double or triple bond. The metal catalysts have different properties and there are different functional groups that each can reduce. Catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method for reducing alkenes and alkynes. When you perform catalytic hydrogenation on alkenes the reaction is called an addition reaction. Addition reactions are when a reagent is added to the two carbons making up a pi-bond. In catalytic hydrogenation‚ the reagent is dihydrogen and it adds to the two carbons
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b) Resistance to Addition Reactions – - although benzene has double bonds‚ it does not undergo typical alkene reactions such as electrophilic addition - benzene is‚ in fact‚ very stable towards hydrogenation‚ halogenation‚ hydration & addition of hydrogen halides: NR EX. H2 X2 C6H6 H2 O HX NR NR NR c) Preference for Substitution Reactions – - instead of addition reactions like alkenes‚ benzene readily undergoes substitution reactions typical of alkanes: EX. C6H6 + Cl2 Fe C6H5 Cl + HCl
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Leoncito‚ Alyssa Lynn‚ Libatique‚ Keith Martin P.‚ Ligot‚ Nestlhyn B.*‚ Lim‚ Jamie Therese T. Department of Psychology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Four organic samples: hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic
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