Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where a halogen atom or atoms are bound to an sp3 orbital of an alkyl group. CHCl3 (Chloroform: organic solvent) CF2Cl2 (Freon-12: refrigerant CFC) CF3CHClBr (Halothane: anesthetic) Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms‚ and so the C-Hal bond is polarized. H H μ C + C-l δ δ H The C-X bond is polarized in such a way that there is partial positive charge on the carbon and partial negative charge on the halogen. Dipole moment
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Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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Extraction (Ch # 07) Faraz Gohar Mr. Wayne Xie Chem 201 10/02/2012 Objectives : 1)To purify samples of organic compounds that are solids at room temperature. 2)To dissociate the impure sample in the minimum amount of an appropriate hot solvent Chemical Index : Naphthalene; mp 82 *C 1‚4-Dichlorobenzene; mp 56 *C 4-Chloroaniline; mp 68 - 71 *C; pKb 4.15 Ethyl 4-Aminobenzoate; mp 90 *C; pKb 4.92 Procedure :
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This name‚ meaning rock oil‚ is applied to certain bituminous fluids found in the earth. Solid bitumen‚ or asphalt‚ differs but little in chemical composition from petroleum‚ both being compounds of carbon and hydrogen Many varieties of petroleum‚ and perhaps all‚ become thicker by exposure to the air‚ and finally solid‚ resembling asphaltum. Bitumen‚ and doubtless petroleum also‚ was known from the earliest ages‚ being the "pitch" which Noah used in building the Ark‚ and the "slime" used for
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him find a safe and reliable artificial hair dye. Schueller eagerly volunteered. As Ruth Brandon explained in Ugly Beauty‚ - “He discovered that hair dyes were based upon four groups of substances: anilines‚ silver nitrate‚ pyrogallic acid and lead acetate. The first group was the most dangerous. Aniline derivatives are very soluble‚ going through many intermediate stages before forming the lacquers which give the hair its new
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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1. DHL DHL provides international express‚ air and ocean freight‚ road and rail transportation‚ contract logistics and international mail services to its customers. The company’s name DHL is derived from the last names of the then three budding entrepreneurs‚ Adrian Dalsey‚ Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn who founded the company. 1. IBM IBM’s full company name is International Business Machines Corporation. It is a multinational technology and consulting corporation. The company was founded
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KEY CONCEPTS CULTURE IS COMMUNICATION In physics today‚ so far as we know‚ the galaxies that one studies are all controlled by the same laws. This is not entirely true of the worlds created by humans. Each cultural world operates according to its own internal dynamic‚ its own prin ciples‚ and its own laws-written and unwritten. Even time and space are unique to each culture. There are‚ however‚ some common threads that run through ;:111 cultures. It is possible to say that the world
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SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES (MBA) ALPHA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (AUC) Ethio-Leather Industry PLC (ELICO) Awash Tannery For the Course Production /Operations Management (MBAd 632) (Educational Visit Report) Submitted To Tadesse Negash (PhD) Prepared by ABERAHAM MELSE MEKURIA ABERA MESFINE TELILA MERGIA BAYISSA TADESSE BIRU TENA H/MARIAM WOSSEN HAILU August 2013 Addis Ababa‚ Ethiopia ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are strongly indebted to our instructor of
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Liquid CO2 Extraction of D-Limonene This convenient‚ effective and inexpensive liquid CO2-based extraction of a natural product (D-limonene) provides an engaging example of natural products extraction using an alternative solvent (liquefied CO2). Because the procedure can be carried out in a polypropylene centrifuge tube and uses crushed dry ice as its CO2 source‚ it provides an inexpensive alternative to the equipment-intensive extraction with supercritical CO2. A short video clip is available
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