Simple distillation works well when the two components boiling points have a large difference. Fractional distillation works best when the components boiling points have a small difference. The boiling point of cyclohexane is 80 degrees Celsius. Toluenes boiling point is about 110 degrees Celsius. The liquid with a higher vapor pressure is higher in concentration and would be collected first. Raoult’s law states: the vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical
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Lab report: Viscosity of Liquids Introduction This experiment focuses on measurements of different trials of various concentrations. The collected data is used to compare and contrast to the ideal binary solutions and their components. The Ostwald viscometer is a useful laboratory equipment to measure the viscosities of many binary solutions. Background Molecules have the ability to slide around each other‚ result in a flow. Such a flow has a resistance called viscosity. Microscopically
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equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction at one temperature to the equilibrium constant of the same reaction at a different temperature‚ allowing it to be worked out for all temperatures if it is known for one. The experiment used the solution of toluene and naphthalene to determine the change in enthalpy. The mole fractions and the tempterature of recrylstallizations were graphed and the slope was determined. From the slope the change in enthalpy was determined to be 3.45J. This implies that energy
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of moles of toluene = Mass/Mr = 43.35g/(92.15g/mol) = 0.470428648 moles ≈ 0.470 moles Volume of Sulphuric acid = 10mL (10cm3) Density of Sulphuric acid = 1.84g/cm3 Mass of Sulphuric acid = Density x Volume = 1.84g/cm3 x 10cm3 = 18.4g Mr of Sulphuric acid = 98.09g/mol
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July 14‚ 2009 Experiment 6: Fractional Distillation. Separation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Abstract: A mixture of cyclohexane and toluene were separate from one another by fractional distillation in order to measure the composition of each fraction and prepare the sample for gas chromatography. Introduction: Distillation has been used since antiquity to separate the components of mixtures. This method has been used to manufacture different organic chemicals but the most recent application
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HYDROCARBON EXPERIMENT 16 OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to distinguish the difference between various types of hydrocarbons by performing simple tests and reactions involving hydrocarbons. EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS Pentene Toluene Heptane Potassium permanganate (1% KMnO4) Aluminum chloride (anhydrous AlCl3) Chloroform (CHCl3) Ligroin Br2 in CCl4 (5%) Stopper pH paper Small test tubes and rack Graduated cylinder (10 ml) Evaporating dish DISCUSSION Organic
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Abstract Qualitative analysis‚ a branch of analytical chemistry‚ deals with the identity of a substance found in a given sample‚ and not the amount of substance in it. It only concerns the substances present or absent in a given sample. Qualitative analysis is therefore used to determine unknown ions present in chemical samples by observing and analyzing results from various reactions of the sample with chemicals. Qualitative analysis is done through a series of steps. It is usually divided
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Myra Gurango‚ Geneva Guy‚ Micah Hernandez* and Joyce Lagarde Department of Chemistry‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract The organic compounds hexane‚ toluene‚ cyclohexene and naphthalene in hexene were subjected to parallel chemical testing to differentiate their intrinsic physical properties in terms of structure and behavior. The physical state and color were noted by simple physical observation. Nitration Testing was conducted for preliminary
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tetraiodide were calculated. Recrystallization is to further improve the purity of tin tetraiodide. The solvent is carefully chosen to be toluene in order to maximize the recovery of tin tetraiodide during recrystallization. Experimental method1 Approximately 2.50g iodide and 1.01g tin were weighed on a balance and were placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. Approximately 10ml toluene was added to the flask. The mixture was heated on a hot plate at almost boiling temperature and was stirred using a stirring rod
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Bromination of Aromatic Compounds Introduction: The experiment focuses on finding out what kind of activating effects that four different substituents will have on an aromatic benzene ring. The substituents being tested are aniline‚ anisole‚ acetamide (acetanilide)‚ and phenol. All four of these groups are either para or ortho activating. Bromination is the reaction that will be carried out. The melting point ranges of the final products will be taken in order
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