BroIn this experiment of the relative rates of free-radical chain bromination‚ we were expected to be able to determine the relative reactivates of the many types of hydrogen atoms involved toward bromine atoms. Bromination is defined to be a regioselective reaction meaning bromine has preference of making or breaking a bond over all other directions that it may have had available. In this case‚ Markovnikov’s rule is revealed to be the case in this situation that states that adding a protic acid
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RESEARCH PAPER ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES ................ ABSTRACT: The microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature. They are found in probably every environmental condition present on earth. Actinomycetes were originally considered to be an intermediate group between bacteria and fungi but now are recognized as prokaryotic organisms with high G+C (>55%) content in their DNA. Our project aim is to evaluate some biological activities of Actinomycetes like:
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Preparation of 4-bromoaniline Introduction Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups
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place during this reaction. Introduction: One of the common ways of preparing an alkene is through the dehydration of an alcohol. In this experiment cyclohexanol is dehydrated to prepare cyclohexene while using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. A bromine test can be later done to ensure that the end product is an alkene. Procedure: The procedure given on pages 24-25 in the CH102 Lab Manual 2012 was followed with a few modifications as follows. Steps 6 and 7 were interchanged‚ that is‚ first 10cm³
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The purpose of the lab “All in the Family” was to compare the reactivity of the halogens Chlorine‚ Bromine‚ and iodine by observing the reactions between their elemental forms and their ionic forms. To accomplish this experiment‚ we first added a squirt of pet ether to two test tubes. Then‚ we added the same amount of Cl2 to both of the tubes‚ shook the mixtures‚ and recorded the color that resided in each mixture as the initial color. After‚ a squirt of NaBr was added to one test tube‚ and a squirt
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halogen element Any of the six nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. The halogen elements are fluorine (F)‚ chlorine (Cl)‚ bromine (Br)‚ iodine (I)‚ astatine (At)‚ and element 117 (temporarily named ununseptium [Uus]). They were given the name halogen‚ from the Greek roots hal- (“salt”) and -gen (“to produce”)‚ because they all produce sodium salts of similar properties‚ of which sodium chloride—table salt‚ or halite—is best known. Because of their great
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Grouping elements with similar chemical properties together Date: 4.10.2012 Objectives The objective of this experiment is to experimentally investigate which elements show similar chemical properties. Chemical principle Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a dull gray‚ silver solid under standard conditions. Calcium atoms have an electron configuration of (2‚ 8‚ 8‚ 2) and 2 outermost shell electrons. Calcium is in group 2 and period 4 of the
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halides‚ etc) * When there is an –anoic acid‚ it is always attached to carbon 1. Structural isomers: It is when a molecule has the same molecular formula (eg. C6H12O6) but looks different and can be drawn in different ways. PROPERTIES: Alkanes: * Formula CnH2n+2 * Saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbons – a good way to remember this: saturated in hydrogens * Melting and boiling points low but will increase as molecule gets bigger (the intermolecular bonds are strengthened)
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is finally tested to determine whether or not it has been dehydrated. The three tests used were infrared spectroscopy‚ Bromine chemical test and Bayer’s chemical test. The infrared spectroscopy showed a large narrow peak at 3062.12(cm-1) and 3020.71(cm-1) which indicates that there is a double bond present. To assure the results were correct the chemical tests were done. The Bromine test was found to be positive for cyclohexene. The OH group was removed from the cyclohexanol and replaced with a double
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Mapua Institute of Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory 2 Final Report Factors Affecting the Relative Rates of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction Justiniano‚ Priscilla Raiza N. School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry‚ Mapua Institute of Technology‚ Intramuros‚ Manila‚ Philippines Experiment No.1‚ Submitted on August 6‚ 2011 at N402. Abstract EXPERIMENT NUMBER ONE IS ALL ABOUT THE ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS ARE THOSE ORGANIC
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