plaster. However this process does not prevent carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere which is the main gaseous product from combusting coal or any hydrocarbon fuel. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes. The simplest alkane is methane ( CH4) used as fuel in homes for cooking and heating. Hydrocarbons are compounds consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms. In crude oil’s raw form it is a thick tarry substance so it needs to be processed to separate it
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Competitive Nucleophiles Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to compare the relative nucleophilicities of chloride ions and bromide ions in two different reactions. One reaction involved n-butyl alcohol and the other involved t-pentyl alcohol. We performed the reactions and compared the percentages of alkyl chloride and alkyl bromide in the product. To perform this experiment‚ we used methods including heating reaction mixture under reflux‚ extraction using a separatory funnel
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Ozone Depletion: An Introduction Planet Earth has its own natural sunscreen that shields us from the sun’s damaging ultraviolet radiation. It’s called the ozone layer: a fragile band of gases beginning 15 kilometres above our planet‚ and reaching up to the 40-kilometre level. Human activities have caused a substantial thinning of this protective covering — not only over the North and South Poles‚ but right over our heads. Stopping ozone layer depletion is one of the major challenges facing the
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drops of the NaOH solution 6. Stir for 20 min 7. Add to an ice bath until crystallization occurs 8. Filter the crude product 9. Recrystallize with 2 mL of EtOH 10. Filter pure product and collect MP and mass 11. Perform a saturation test with a bromine and potassium permanganate solution 12. Obtain NMR from instructor and identify peaks Apparatus: Post Lab: Observations:
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ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION PURPOSE The purpose of this lab is to learn how to synthesize 2-methyl-2-butene into 2-bromo-2-methylbutane using addition of hydrogen bromide. THEORY Chemical Compound Molecular Formula Molecular Weight Boiling Point Melting Point Density Amylene CH3CH=C(CH3)2 70.13 g/mol 36 oC -134 oC 0.662 g/ml Hydrobromic Acid HBr 80.91 g/mol 126 oC -11 oC 1.490 g/ml 2-Bromo-2-MethylButane C5H11Br 151.05 g/mol 107 oC 1.18 g/ml Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 84.007 g/mol Decomposes
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IntroductionA dehydration reaction of an alcohol results in an alkene. This type of reaction requires an alcohol‚ an acid catalyst and heat. Generally strong concentrated acids‚ like sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid‚ are used as the acid catalyst.The acid catalyst protonates the alcohol‚ to make a much better leaving group. Weakest bases make the best leaving groups‚ so once the alcohol is protonated the leaving group leaves and produces in a carbocation and water. In order to form the double bond
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Blood is the best known as significant evidence in modern criminal justice. Blood evidence is important to an investigator because it can link a victim to a suspect (Locards Exchange Principle). Bloodstain patterns can reveal a great deal about the position and movement during the crime. Blood has managed to destroy self-defense arguments from the suspects. The fluid portion of the blood consists of plasma and serum while the non-fluid portion consists of red blood cells. Blood is composed of water
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would die in seconds. Glucose‚ the most important carbohydrate‚ not only has a carbonyl group but is an aldehyde. Another common carbohydrate is fructose‚ fruit sugar‚ this compound is a ketone. These compounds are more reactive than your typical alkane‚ the question you may ask is why? The answer lies in the location of the electrons in the carbonyl group. First‚ look at the hybridization of a carbonyl carbon. A carbon connected to three other molecules must be doubly bonded to one of those molecules
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starting material into each of two small labeled test tubes. Take two more small labeled test tubes and place 4 or 5 drops of your 4-methylcyclohexene product in each of them. Take one tube from each group‚ and count how many drops of the provided bromine in methylene chloride solution it takes before the red color remains upon contact with the liquid sample. Record this information. Test the remaining two liquids in a similar way using the potassium permanganate
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To produce tert-butyl chloride from tert-butyl alcohol 2. To understand the SN1 and SN2 mechanism involved in the reaction 3. To determine the yield of percentage of t-butyl chloride II. Introduction An alkyl halide is a derivative of alkanes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons with a functional group C-C. The hydrogen atom is then replaced by a halogen (F‚ Cl‚ Br‚ I). Therefore‚ alkyl halides are compounds that have a halogen atom bonded to a saturated‚ sp3 hybridized carbon atom. These could be classified
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