While it is easy to make comparisons between the pupil of the eye and the f-stop of a camera or between the retina of the eye and photographic film‚ once we get past the basic similarities of the optics of the two systems‚ comparisons begin to rapidly break down. The eye is not only much more complex than a camera and its film‚ but the two imaging devices function by different chemical mechanisms. The photographer (or the automatic exposure system of the camera) regulates the f-stop opening and time
Premium Photography Silver Camera
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space Particle Theory: the scientific statements that summarize about particles of matter 1. All matter is made up of particles that contain spaces between each particle 2. Different substances are made up of different types of particles 3. Particles are always in constant motion 4. The movement of particles will increase if temperature rises 5. Particles are attracted to each other Pure substance: a substance that consists of only 1 type of particle
Premium Atom Chemistry Chemical element
163 CHAPTER 13 HYDROCARBON Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. The important fuels like Petrol‚ kerosene‚ coal gas‚ CNG‚ LPG etc. are all hydrocarbons or their mixture. Sources: Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. PETRA – ROCK‚ OLEUM – OIL. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural
Free Benzene Hydrocarbon Alkene
Chemistry Equipment Symbols 1. Test Tube 2. Boiling Tube 3. Beaker 4. Conical Flask 5. Test Tube Holder/ Tongs /Clamp Stand 6. Measuring/Graduating 7. Funnel 8. Pipette Cylinder 9. Spatula 10. Tripod 11. Bunsen Burner 12. Glass Bulb 13. Burette 16. Condenser Pipette Changes of State Filtering Solutions 03-Nov
Free Periodic table Atom Chemical element
HSC Chemistry Topic 1 PRODUCT ON of MATERIALS What is this topic about? To keep it as simple as possible‚ (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS 2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY & BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES ...all in the context of society’s use of energy and materials but first) an introduction ... In the previous topic in the Preliminary Course‚ you learnt about carbon chemistry of petroleum Then you
Premium Polymer Ethanol Ethanol fuel
L-6 MCQ (A) MCQs of the Textual Exercise 1) In haloalkane _________ bond is formed between carbon and halogen. (a) Ionic (b) van der Waals (c) Covalent (d) hydrogen 2) In haloarene compounds‚ halogen combines with carbon having which hybridization? (a) sp2 (b) sp3 (c) sp (d)dsp2 3) In haloalkane‚ carbon in C-X bond possesses which partial electric charge? (a) Charge less (b) positive (c) negative (d) anionic 4) Which of the following bonds is the strongest?
Premium Alkene Chlorine Methane
Subject Content Most of the objectives specified in this section relate to Knowledge with Understanding‚ although some indication has been given as to where the skills of Handling Information and Solving Problems may be developed. Teachers are reminded that‚ in the written papers‚ 40% of the marks are allocated to these higher ’thinking’ skills. In almost every section‚ students should therefore be given practice at dealing with unfamiliar situations so that these higher thinking skills can be developed
Premium Oxygen Ionic bond Sodium chloride
12 The Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetation and the Role of Vegetation in Reducing Atmospheric Pollution Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe1 and Barbu Ion2 1Ecological University of Bucharest‚ Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection 2Forest Research and Management Institute Romania 1. Introduction The main air pollutants are represented by gases forms‚ particles in suspension‚ different ionizing radiation and noise. The gases forms are: oxidized and reduced forms of carbon (CO2‚ CO‚ CH4)‚ of
Free Air pollution Oxygen Ozone
ozone layer is depleting. Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the production and destruction of stratospheric ozone is tipped in favour of destruction. Although natural phenomena can cause temporary ozone loss‚ chlorine and bromine released from man-made compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons‚ called CFCs are now accepted as the main cause of this depletion. These are used as propellants in spray cans and in the making of plastic foam. They are also found in cleaning solvents
Premium Ozone depletion
1. Predict the molecular formula of an alkane with 13 carbon atoms. .................................................................................................................................. [Total 1 mark] 2. Bromobutane‚ CH3CH2CH2CH2Br‚ can be reacted with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide to prepare butan-1-ol. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH– → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br– A student reacted 8.72 g of bromobutane with an excess of OH–. The student produced 4.28 g of butan-1-ol. (i) Calculate the amount
Premium Organic chemistry