The simplest way to synthesize an ether is to have an alkoxide react with a primary haloalkane or a sulfonate ester under typical SN2 conditions. The scientist who developed this reaction‚ Alexander W. Williamson‚ was a professor at University College in London in the latter part of the 1800’s. This reaction has been around a while! Secondary haloalkanes and sulfonate esters are occasionally used in the Williamson ether synthesis but the yields are often poor. The ether prepared in this experiment
Premium Alcohol Chemistry Hydrochloric acid
I found out that we have to use oil of wintergreen instead of Phenol as it is harmful and a lot more expensive as it is used in industry‚ the oil of wintergreen is a safer option to use in school and it is also part reacted meaning it already has esters attached so therefor was less risk for use to use it compared to Phenol. There were a lot of risks when performing these tests and so we had to take great precaution and stick by our risk assessments. Also a few things went wrong as well. After we
Premium Salicylic acid Aspirin Acetic acid
Alcohols CH3CH2OH ethanol – OH (a) Add solid PCl5: White fumes of HCl liberated C2H5OH + PCl5 → C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl(g) (b) Add glacial ethanoic acid and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid and heat: Fragrant fruity smell of ester liberated CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Appendix Ace Ahead Chem (Appendix) 3rd (11/11/08).indd 1 1 11/13/08 12:36:33 PM Homologous series/ Typical compound Aldehydes CH3CHO ethanal Functional group(s) H ⏐ –C=O Chemical
Premium Carboxylic acid Alcohol Sulfuric acid
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOTECHNOLOGY YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1‚ 2 & 3 UDBB 1164 FUNDAMENTAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 0 EXPERIMENT 1 PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS Introduction Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen‚ can be classified into several types‚ depending on their structure. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into three classes: alkanes (e.g. methane‚ ethane and propane) have only single bonds‚ and are said to be saturated; alkenes (e.g. ethene and propene)
Premium Alcohol Ethanol
OCR gateway Core C1 revision notes Anything written in purple is for higher tier Exam tips are in red Fossil Fuels 3 types Coal (made from dead plants that lived millions of years ago) Crude oil (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Natural gas (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Key words to learn Non-renewable- fossil fuels are said to be this as we are using them up faster than they can be made Finite- these will run out if we
Premium Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon
Classification for Functional Groups Alcohols Lucas test (Differentiates primary‚ secondary‚ and tertiary alcohols) Reagent: ZnCl2 in conc. HCl Observation: Rate of reaction (tertiary alcohol> secondary alcohol> primary alcohol) Procedure: 2mL Lucas Reagent in test tube+ 3-4 drops of alcohol‚ stopper‚ shake vigorously‚ NOTE time required (less than 10m mins only) to form an emulsion or separate layers. Oxidation (Confirms if alcohol is oxidizable: presence of H in C-OH bond) Reagent:
Premium Carboxylic acid Alcohol Amine
9.3 – The Acidic Environment: Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: NOTE: In chemistry‚ [x] means “concentration of x” in moles per litre (mol/L). EG: [H3O+] means “concentration of H3O+ ions” in mol/L. BASIC reactions to remember: Acid reactions: acid + base salt + water acid + metal salt + hydrogen gas acid + carbonate carbon dioxide gas + salt + water Formation of hydronium: H+ + H2O H3O+ Reactions of
Premium Acid PH
Contents PART XV ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Chapter 63 Detecting the presence of chemical species Action of heating solid sample strongly 1 Chapter 64 Separation and purification methods Centrifugation Sublimation Partition equilibrium of a solute between two immiscible solvents Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography 2 2 3 6 Chapter 65 Quantitative methods of analysis Detection of end point in acid-alkali titration 8 Chapter 66 Instrumental analytical methods More
Premium Ion Molecule Atom
acetate via Fischer esterification reaction between acetic anhydride and isoamyl alcohol‚ using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This reaction is characterized by the combining of an alcohol and an acid (with an acid catalyst) to yield and ester plus water. In order to accomplish this reaction‚ the reactants were refluxed for 30 minutes at 80 degrees Celsius ‚to yield a mixture‚ the mixture was then mixed with sodium hydrogen carbonate and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product obtained
Premium Ester Acetic acid Carboxylic acid
Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
Premium Oxygen Sodium hydroxide Alcohol