Experiment 14: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane Goal: To prepare 1-Bromobutane by the SN2 reaction from 1-Butanol with Sodium Bromide and Sulfuric Acid. Mechanism: Procedure: 1. Place 27g of NaBr‚ 20mL of n-butyl alcohol‚ and 30mL of water into a 250mL round bottom flask. 2. Put the mixture in an ice-water batch and cool briefly‚ then slowly add 23 mL of conc H2SO4 while stirring with a magnetic stirrer. 3. Place a water-cooled condenser and heat the flask until the mixture boils while
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When butane’s dihedral angle was at 0⁰ and 360‚ the conformations are at an Emax. This means that the two methyl groups are eclipsed. At 60⁰ and 300⁰‚ which have gauche conformations‚ the methyl groups are more shifted and the potential energy difference is 18.2 kj/mol. At 120⁰ and 240⁰‚ eclipsed again‚ the energy rises to -4.6788 kj/mol‚ from its previous -17.721 kj/mol‚ the hydrogens can be found lying on the same plane‚ increasing the energy. Yet‚ the energy is not as high as it is at 0⁰ and 360⁰
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INTRODUCTION The main theory behind this experiment is that by setting up several apparatuses using varying amount of t-butyl alcohol‚ distilled water‚ or an unknown liquid‚ the freezing point of t-butyl alcohol‚ the molal freezing point and the molar mass of an unknown can be determined. The equations pertinent to this experiment include the following: mc= ∆Tf=Tf-Tf’=(Kf)(mc) mc= mc= mc= gram molar mass of solute‚ g mole^-1= kf=∆Tf/ mc mass of unknown ‚g=(volume of
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Comparison of Three Isomers of Butanol SCH 4UI Abstract The Hydroxyl group on alcohols relates to their reactivity. This concept was explored by answering the question “Does each alcohol undergo halogenation and controlled oxidation?” . Using three isomers of butanol; the primary 1-butanol‚ the secondary 2-butanol and the tertiary 2-methyl-2-propanol‚ also referred to as T-butanol‚ two experiments were performed to test the capabilities of the alcohols. When mixed with hydrochloric acid in
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separate vials‚ label and store. 13. Disassemble and clean the fractional distilling apparatus using hexane for the joints and acetone for the glassware. III. Observations O O O O Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate (boiling point ~ 78◦C) (boiling point ~ 120◦C) Initial temperature of fractional distillation apparatus:
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through qualitative analysis. Materials : KA 1 and KA 2 solutions‚ distilled water‚ aqueous sodium hydroxide‚ aqueous potassium iodide‚ aqueous potassium chromate(VI)‚ aqueous sodium ethanoate‚ aqueous sodium carbonate‚ dilute sulphuric acid‚ iron(II) sulphate‚ concentrated sulphuric acid‚ dilute nitric acid‚ lead(II) nitrate solution‚ Alloy Devordas.
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J. Phys. Chem. B 2007‚ 111‚ 9001-9009 9001 Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Mark J. Muldoon‚† Sudhir N. V. K. Aki‚‡ Jessica L. Anderson‚ JaNeille K. Dixon‚ and Joan F. Brennecke* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering‚ UniVersity of Notre Dame‚ Notre Dame‚ Indiana 46556 ReceiVed: March 8‚ 2007; In Final Form: May 4‚ 2007 Previously we showed that CO2 could be used to extract organic molecules from ionic liquids without contamination of the ionic liquid
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Energies 2008‚ 1‚ 79-92; DOI: 10.3390/en1020079 energies ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.org/energies Article Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by SnCl2: A Kinetic Investigation Abiney L. Cardoso‚ Soraia Cristina Gonzaga Neves and Marcio J. da Silva * Departament of Chemistry‚ Federal University of Viçosa‚ Viçosa‚ Minas Gerais‚ Brazil‚ 36570-000. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:silvamj2003@ufv.br Received: 5 August 2008; in revised form:
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distillation techniques: simple and fractional. Simple distillation was done to separate ethyl acetate—which has a usual boiling point of 77º—from a less volatile component‚ while fractional distillation was done to distinguish an ethyl acetate/n-butyl acetate mixture‚ which has boiling points of 77º and 125 º‚ respectively. Results and Discussion As previously stated the standard boiling point for ethyl acetate is 77º. The data obtained resulted with the experimental boiling point being approximately
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| Polysar Limited | Memo | | For the first nine months in 1986‚ NASA rubber division generated a sale of $66 million which exceeded the budgeted sales by $4.7 million. At the same time‚ NASA created a positive gross margin of 40 million which exceeded the budgeted gross margin by $3.7 million. However‚ they experienced a net loss of .876 million‚ which was $2.8 million lower than the budgeted amount. | Actual | Budget | Difference | | ($ ’000) | ($ ’000) | ($ ’000) | Sales |
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