Acids And BAses Acids And BAses 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Theories of acids and bases Properties of acids and bases Strong and weak acids & bases The pH scale Calculations involving acids and bases (AHL) Buffer solutions (AHL) Salt hydrolysis (AHL) Acid-base titrations (AHL) Indicators (AHL) 8 8.1 THeORies OF Acids And BAses 8.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. 8.1.2 Deduce whether or not a species could act as a Brønsted–Lowry
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augment the biosurfactant demand over the next six years. Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) was the largest consumed biosurfactant‚ accounting for 33.26% of the 344 kilo ton global market in 2013. Its superior properties in terms of foaming and stability as compared to other surfactants make it ideally suited for use in household detergents. Other key biosurfactants include Alkyl Polyglucosides (APG)‚ Sorbitan Esters and Sucrose Esters‚ with combined demand estimated at 115 kilo tons in 2013. The report
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23%. The characteristics of the synthesized ester were liquid‚ oily‚ and it had a banana smell. Introduction Artificial flavoring is commonly used in the food that we eat today. For example‚ fruit flavoring is a chemical mixture that mimics a natural flavor as that of banana flavor from the synthesis of isoamyl acetate. Ester is the functional group‚ which is responsible for the distinctive odor and taste that artificial fruit flavoring has. Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. A carboxylic
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The average contents (±SD) of kaurenoic acid in the Araliae Continentalis Radix extract powder were estimated as 1.147±0.008 mg in 1.0054 g‚ usual dose of Araliae Continentalis Radix. Quantification of kaurenoic acid UPLC–MS/MS has been emerging as a powerful analytical technique for the determination of analyte in biological samples to improve sensitivity and selectivity. Herein‚ we developed a simple‚ selective‚ and sensitive bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of kaurenoic
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most diferulates is low compared to that of a cinnamoyl esterase‚ FAEA‚ from Aspergillus niger. Of the diferulate substrates assayed‚ tannase was most efficient at hydrolysing the first ester bond of the 5–5- type of dimer. Importantly and unlike the cinnamoyl esterase‚ tannase from A. oryzae is able to hydrolyse both ester bonds from the 8–5-benzofuran dimer‚ thus forming the corresponding free acid product. These results suggest that tannases may contribute to plant cell wall degradation by cleaving
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BOILING POINTS AND MELTING POINTS PART 2 Name: Grethel Zegarra Date of Lab: October 26‚ 2010 Date lab is due: November 2‚ 2010 HYPOTHESIS The boiling point in degrees Celsius will increase as the number of carbon atoms increase. The melting point of the unknown will indicate its mixed substances. The boiling point will increase as a result of the different branching of the OH‚ the melting point will be affected by the different positioning of the OH on the benzene ring. PURPOSE To introduce
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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Descaling a coffee machine What is lime scale? Lime scale is a chalky white crust that is often built up on kettles and washing machines. The chemical name for lime scale is calcium carbonate‚ chemical formula CaCO3. It is usually caused by hard water (Water containing a higher than normal concentration of dissolved minerals such as calcium and magnesium). http://www.purewaterpeople.co.uk/blog/2013/06/what-is-limescale/ How is lime scale formed? Lime scale is built up over a long period of
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acetate by direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. After refluxing there is an isolation procedure where excess acetic acid and remaining isopentyl alcohol are easily removed by extraction with sodium bicarbonate and water. The ester is then purified by simple distillation and the IR is then obtained. Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus‚ separatory funnel for isolation‚ vacuum filtration‚ and simple distillation. The reflux condenser
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nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives‚ the experimentonly focuses on the common ones: acid halides‚acid anhydrides‚ esters and amides.Carboxylic acids and their derivatives areusually seen in industrial processes and mostbiological pathways. Esters can be seen as fatsand within the cell membrane. Esters are alsopresent in pleasant smelling liquids that areresponsible with the fragrant odor of fruits andflowers. Amides are also present in animalprotein and also
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